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Geog Coast BK 2 Low Energy Coast > Sources Of Sediment > Flashcards

Sources Of Sediment Flashcards

1
Q

what is clastic sediment

A

comes from weathering and erosion of rocks

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2
Q

what is biogenic sediment

A

cokes from the shells of marine organisms

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3
Q

what is fluvial sediment

A

been transported to the coastal environment by rivers

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4
Q

what is sediment transported as a result of

A

energy provided by waves, currents, tides and wind

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5
Q

what are the 4 transportation processes of sediment

A

solution
suspension
saltation
traction

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6
Q

what is solution

A

dissolved materials that are transported within the mass of moving water

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7
Q

what is suspension

A

transportation by wind where the smallest particles are held in the air

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8
Q

what is saltation

A

a process where sand sized particles are transported by bouncing and hopping along the surface

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9
Q

what is traction

A

pebbles and larger sediment that are rolled along the sea bed

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10
Q

how do waves create swash alligned beaches

A

when waves approach the shoreline with their crests parallel to the land

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11
Q

what are rip currents also known as

A

undertow

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12
Q

what process creates drift alligned beaches

A

longshore drift

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13
Q

what is the process of longshore drift

A

waves approach the shore obliquely due to prevailing winds
swash carries material up the beach obliquely
backwash brings material back down the beach by gravity
this cycle repeats

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14
Q

when does the deposition of sediment occur

A

when the wave no longer has energy to continue the transportation of material

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15
Q

where are large particles like sand and shingle usually deposited

A

on high energy beaches

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16
Q

where are smaller particles like silt and clay usually deposited

A

further up the beach as they need lower energy waves to be deposited

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17
Q

what is aeolian transportation

A

where wind becomes an agent of transportation

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18
Q

what is a spit

A

a long narrow accumulation of sand or shingle formed by longshore drift with one end attached to the land

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19
Q

how is a spit formed

A

longshore drift carries sediment along the shoreline
where the coastline changes direction, sediment is deposited
material accumulates so it eventually lies above sea level
the end of a spit is shaped by waves which usually makes it form into a hook
vegetation behinds to grow

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20
Q

what is a global and uk example of a spit

A

farewell spit, new zealand
dawlish warren, UK

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21
Q

where do mudflats and salt marshes usually form

A

in low energy environments like estuaries or the landward side of spits

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22
Q

where does the sediment come from that forms mudflats and spits

A

fluvial matieral (rivers), the sea bed and cliff erosion

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23
Q

describe the formation of saltmarshes

A

first rounds of deposition form mudflats
as sediment builds up the mudflat is raised above the level of the low water mark
mudflats are then exposed for part of the day so vegetation begins to grow

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24
Q

what are some key features of saltmarshes

A

they have a shallow gradient, they have a high drainage density, a lot of water is drained in and out of matches each day

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25
what is the name of the plant that can grow on saltmarshes in the saline condition
halophytes
26
what is a UK example of a mudflat/saltmarshes
Alnmouth, Northumberland
27
what could restrict the growth of a saltmarshes
the velocity of water coming from the River channel
28
what are some key features of mudflats
they contain no plants just algae, they have high salinity levels and low oxygen levels
29
what are some examples of plants that can grow on saltmarshes
cord grass and glasswort
30
what is a global example of musflats and saltmarshes
the sundarbans, Bangladesh
31
what plants colonise the saltmarshes/mudflats in the Sundarbans
Mangrove forests
32
what is a tombolo
a spit joining an offshore island to the mainland
33
what is a Uk example of a tombolo
Chesil beach , dorset
34
what isle does chesil beach join to the mainland
the isle of portland
35
what is the lake called that sits behind a tombolo
a lagoon
36
what are two ways that the spit that connects the island can be formed
due to longshore drift due to an offshore bank of sediment being pushed towards the shore because of sea level change
37
what is a global example of a tombolo
Tombolo di Orbetello, Italy
38
What is an offshore bar
A bar that is close to the shoreline, which absorbs wave energy before the wave breaks
39
what is a global example of an offshore bar
Suffolk County, Long Island, New York
40
what is a barrier beach also known as
a bar or a baymouth bar
41
what is a barrier beach
a spit that has developed across a bat into which no major river flows
42
what is a UK example of a barrier beach
Slapton Ley, Devon
43
what is a lagoon
a lake parallel to the shoreline, usually found behind a bar
44
what is a barrier island
a constantly changing deposit of sand that forms parallel to the coast
45
where are barrier islands found
in seas with shallow gradients, away from deep water
46
what do barrier islands form as a result of
the deposition of sediment by constructive waves
47
name some example of where barrier islands are found
the northern part of the Netherlands, in Western africa and the USA
48
what are some reasons for why a barrier island may form
the accumulation of material transported by swash the isolation of the shore when sea levels rise
49
what is the most common depositional landform
beaches
50
what is a global and UK example of a beach
Vanuatu, Barton-on-Sea
51
what is the difference between a ridge and a runnel
a ridge is a narrow peak in sand, and a tunnel is the depression behind it
52
what is a berm
a large ridge
53
what is a beach cusp
a crescent shaped indentation on the seaward edge of a berm
54
where is a storm beach found
towards the back shore, near cliffs or sand dunes
55
why is beach gradient generally steeper where there are larger particles
water rapidly percolates through larger shingle so backwash has little ability to transport larger material, so more material is left
56
what sort of feature is a sand dune
an aeolian feature
57
when do sand dunes form
when there is a large supply of sand that can be transported a large tidal range the gradient of the surface to be relatively flat there is sufficient space for them to develop
58
what are the three main ways that wind transports sand onshore
saltation suspension surface creep
59
what is saltation
sand grains are picked up by the wind and then bounced along the sea bed
60
what is suspension
light small particles can be picked up and carried in the air by wind
61
what is surface creep
a traction type process where grains are rolled along the land by wind
62
are dunes steeper or more gentle on the windward and lee slopes
windward= steeper lee= gentle
63
name the types of sand dunes from the sea to inland
embryo dune fire dune yellow dune grey dune mature dune
64
what is the age gap between the formation of dunes in different ridges
70-100 years
65
why do ridges behind fully developed embryo dunes tend to be smaller
because they have little input of sand
66
what does vegetation do thag grows on sand dunes
slows down wind speeds
67
what is a type of species that grows on dunes
pioneer species e.g marram grass
68
what can dunes further back in the system be vulnerable to
erosion especially if there is little vegetation due to humans or animals
69
where are some places in Britain that dunes are found
places in Northumberland, Morfa Harlech in wales
70
what is a global example of sand dunes
The western coast of Aquitaine, France
71
what three things increase further in land in terms of sand dunes
temperature and moisture and PH
72
what is a sediment cell and how many are ther surrounding england and wales
a large self contained stretch of coastline, where sediment is contained (closed system) there are 11 in total
73
what is a sediment budget
coastal management that can analyse and describe sediment inputs and outputs and can predict change in a coastline
74
what occurs at the boundaries of sediment cells
the coastline changes direction
75
when we’re sediment cells first defined
in 1995 by a government department
76
what number sediment cell is the Holderness and Lincolnshire both a part of
number 2

Geog Coast BK 2 Low Energy Coast (1 decks)

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