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Geog Coast BK 2 Low Energy Coast > Sources Of Sediment > Flashcards

Sources Of Sediment Flashcards

1
Q

what is clastic sediment

A

comes from weathering and erosion of rocks

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2
Q

what is biogenic sediment

A

cokes from the shells of marine organisms

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3
Q

what is fluvial sediment

A

been transported to the coastal environment by rivers

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4
Q

what is sediment transported as a result of

A

energy provided by waves, currents, tides and wind

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5
Q

what are the 4 transportation processes of sediment

A

solution
suspension
saltation
traction

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6
Q

what is solution

A

dissolved materials that are transported within the mass of moving water

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7
Q

what is suspension

A

transportation by wind where the smallest particles are held in the air

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8
Q

what is saltation

A

a process where sand sized particles are transported by bouncing and hopping along the surface

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9
Q

what is traction

A

pebbles and larger sediment that are rolled along the sea bed

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10
Q

how do waves create swash alligned beaches

A

when waves approach the shoreline with their crests parallel to the land

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11
Q

what are rip currents also known as

A

undertow

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12
Q

what process creates drift alligned beaches

A

longshore drift

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13
Q

what is the process of longshore drift

A

waves approach the shore obliquely due to prevailing winds
swash carries material up the beach obliquely
backwash brings material back down the beach by gravity
this cycle repeats

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14
Q

when does the deposition of sediment occur

A

when the wave no longer has energy to continue the transportation of material

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15
Q

where are large particles like sand and shingle usually deposited

A

on high energy beaches

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16
Q

where are smaller particles like silt and clay usually deposited

A

further up the beach as they need lower energy waves to be deposited

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17
Q

what is aeolian transportation

A

where wind becomes an agent of transportation

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18
Q

what is a spit

A

a long narrow accumulation of sand or shingle formed by longshore drift with one end attached to the land

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19
Q

how is a spit formed

A

longshore drift carries sediment along the shoreline
where the coastline changes direction, sediment is deposited
material accumulates so it eventually lies above sea level
the end of a spit is shaped by waves which usually makes it form into a hook
vegetation behinds to grow

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20
Q

what is a global and uk example of a spit

A

farewell spit, new zealand
dawlish warren, UK

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21
Q

where do mudflats and salt marshes usually form

A

in low energy environments like estuaries or the landward side of spits

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22
Q

where does the sediment come from that forms mudflats and spits

A

fluvial matieral (rivers), the sea bed and cliff erosion

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23
Q

describe the formation of saltmarshes

A

first rounds of deposition form mudflats
as sediment builds up the mudflat is raised above the level of the low water mark
mudflats are then exposed for part of the day so vegetation begins to grow

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24
Q

what are some key features of saltmarshes

A

they have a shallow gradient, they have a high drainage density, a lot of water is drained in and out of matches each day

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25
Q

what is the name of the plant that can grow on saltmarshes in the saline condition

A

halophytes

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26
Q

what is a UK example of a mudflat/saltmarshes

A

Alnmouth, Northumberland

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27
Q

what could restrict the growth of a saltmarshes

A

the velocity of water coming from the River channel

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28
Q

what are some key features of mudflats

A

they contain no plants just algae, they have high salinity levels and low oxygen levels

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29
Q

what are some examples of plants that can grow on saltmarshes

A

cord grass and glasswort

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30
Q

what is a global example of musflats and saltmarshes

A

the sundarbans, Bangladesh

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31
Q

what plants colonise the saltmarshes/mudflats in the Sundarbans

A

Mangrove forests

32
Q

what is a tombolo

A

a spit joining an offshore island to the mainland

33
Q

what is a Uk example of a tombolo

A

Chesil beach , dorset

34
Q

what isle does chesil beach join to the mainland

A

the isle of portland

35
Q

what is the lake called that sits behind a tombolo

A

a lagoon

36
Q

what are two ways that the spit that connects the island can be formed

A

due to longshore drift
due to an offshore bank of sediment being pushed towards the shore because of sea level change

37
Q

what is a global example of a tombolo

A

Tombolo di Orbetello, Italy

38
Q

What is an offshore bar

A

A bar that is close to the shoreline, which absorbs wave energy before the wave breaks

39
Q

what is a global example of an offshore bar

A

Suffolk County, Long Island, New York

40
Q

what is a barrier beach also known as

A

a bar or a baymouth bar

41
Q

what is a barrier beach

A

a spit that has developed across a bat into which no major river flows

42
Q

what is a UK example of a barrier beach

A

Slapton Ley, Devon

43
Q

what is a lagoon

A

a lake parallel to the shoreline, usually found behind a bar

44
Q

what is a barrier island

A

a constantly changing deposit of sand that forms parallel to the coast

45
Q

where are barrier islands found

A

in seas with shallow gradients, away from deep water

46
Q

what do barrier islands form as a result of

A

the deposition of sediment by constructive waves

47
Q

name some example of where barrier islands are found

A

the northern part of the Netherlands, in Western africa and the USA

48
Q

what are some reasons for why a barrier island may form

A

the accumulation of material transported by swash
the isolation of the shore when sea levels rise

49
Q

what is the most common depositional landform

A

beaches

50
Q

what is a global and UK example of a beach

A

Vanuatu, Barton-on-Sea

51
Q

what is the difference between a ridge and a runnel

A

a ridge is a narrow peak in sand, and a tunnel is the depression behind it

52
Q

what is a berm

A

a large ridge

53
Q

what is a beach cusp

A

a crescent shaped indentation on the seaward edge of a berm

54
Q

where is a storm beach found

A

towards the back shore, near cliffs or sand dunes

55
Q

why is beach gradient generally steeper where there are larger particles

A

water rapidly percolates through larger shingle so backwash has little ability to transport larger material, so more material is left

56
Q

what sort of feature is a sand dune

A

an aeolian feature

57
Q

when do sand dunes form

A

when there is a large supply of sand that can be transported
a large tidal range
the gradient of the surface to be relatively flat
there is sufficient space for them to develop

58
Q

what are the three main ways that wind transports sand onshore

A

saltation
suspension
surface creep

59
Q

what is saltation

A

sand grains are picked up by the wind and then bounced along the sea bed

60
Q

what is suspension

A

light small particles can be picked up and carried in the air by wind

61
Q

what is surface creep

A

a traction type process where grains are rolled along the land by wind

62
Q

are dunes steeper or more gentle on the windward and lee slopes

A

windward= steeper
lee= gentle

63
Q

name the types of sand dunes from the sea to inland

A

embryo dune
fire dune
yellow dune
grey dune
mature dune

64
Q

what is the age gap between the formation of dunes in different ridges

A

70-100 years

65
Q

why do ridges behind fully developed embryo dunes tend to be smaller

A

because they have little input of sand

66
Q

what does vegetation do thag grows on sand dunes

A

slows down wind speeds

67
Q

what is a type of species that grows on dunes

A

pioneer species e.g marram grass

68
Q

what can dunes further back in the system be vulnerable to

A

erosion especially if there is little vegetation due to humans or animals

69
Q

where are some places in Britain that dunes are found

A

places in Northumberland, Morfa Harlech in wales

70
Q

what is a global example of sand dunes

A

The western coast of Aquitaine, France

71
Q

what three things increase further in land in terms of sand dunes

A

temperature and moisture and PH

72
Q

what is a sediment cell and how many are ther surrounding england and wales

A

a large self contained stretch of coastline, where sediment is contained (closed system)
there are 11 in total

73
Q

what is a sediment budget

A

coastal management that can analyse and describe sediment inputs and outputs and can predict change in a coastline

74
Q

what occurs at the boundaries of sediment cells

A

the coastline changes direction

75
Q

when we’re sediment cells first defined

A

in 1995 by a government department

76
Q

what number sediment cell is the Holderness and Lincolnshire both a part of

A

number 2

Geog Coast BK 2 Low Energy Coast (1 decks)

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