Sources of Energy Flashcards
The cells in a battery have the ability to produce energy. What kind of reaction is happening in the battery for it to produce energy?
A Chemical reaction.(The chemicals in the cell react with each other)
Plastic is a good INSULATOR, why do we say this?
Plastic does not allow electricity to pass through
General knowledge: What is the name of the Nuclear power station in the Western Cape?
The Koeberg Nuclear Power Station
General knowledge: What fuel does Koeberg Nuclear Power Station use to create energy?
URANIUM is the fuel Koeberg Nuclear Power Station uses, because it has lots of stored energy.
How can we use wind to create energy?
Wind Turbines on a wind farm create energy from the wind. wind blows against the blades that makes them move to produce energy.
General knowledge: What number volt electricity does ESKOM supply to our homes?
240V
When wood is burnt what type of energy is released?
Heat energy - for warmth & cookingLight Energy - to see in the dark
The energy in ………………. makes cars able to move.
Petrol
What is the difference between renewable energy & non renewable energy?
Renewable energy can be replaced & non renewable energy can not?
What type of energy is wind energy?
Kinetic energy
What is the main source of heat energy for all living things?
The sun
What type of energy do we get from the sun, the moon, fire etc
Light energy
Is wood a renewable energy source?
yes it is because trees can be regrown
Is coal a renewable energy source?
No it is not because coal will eventually run out and can not be replaced.
What is potential energy?
This is when energy is stored and can be used later. eg a wound up elastic band, wind up a toy
Give 2 examples of light energy we find in our homes
TV, torches, I-pads, fire place, lights.
We use our ears to hear what kind of energy?
Sound energy
An elastic band can be stretched and when it is let go the energy is …………………….
An elastic band can be stretched and when it is let go the energy is RELEASED
What is Kinetic energy.
Kinetic energy is MOTION energy, movement.
I am playing with a YoYo, what kind of energy am I using?
A YoYo on a table has potential energy, and when you pick it up and play with it, it has Kinetic energy
Key Word: Fuel
A substance That can be eaten or burnedTo produce energy
Key Word: Stored Energy
Energy that is stored in somethingE.g. Food or fuelIt can be changed
Key Word: Input Energy
Energy we needTo put inTo start a fue burning
Key Word: Output Energy
Energy such as heat & light energyThat is produced when fuel burns
Where does the energy come from that we use to run and play?
From energy that is stored in the food we eat
How do plants get their energy?
Plants us the Sun’s energy to make is OWN food.
Where do plants store their food?
In its leaves, stems and fruit.
Why does wood burn and make heat and light?
Because it releases the energy that is stored inside it.
Name 5 sources of energy that we use as humans?
CoalGasParaffinCandle waxPetrol
What were candles originally made of and what are they now made of?
Originally: Beeswax & plant waxNow: Paraffin wax
Why do the candles burn?
They release the energy that is store in the wax
How does petrol make a car move?
The petrol that is in the car’s tank is burned in the car’s engineThe heat makes the engine workThis makes the car move
What do fuels need to start them burning?
Energy
What energy source does a candle need to start it burning?
A burning match
What would you call this energy needed to get the candle to burn?
Energy InPut
Do all fuels need the same mount of input energy to get them to burn?
No
Compare two fuels to show how they need different amounts of energy to get them to burn.
A candle is easy to light - just bring a burning match near.A big log fire takes a lot go get it burning - we use firelighters (firelighters are easy to set alight)
Describe what OUTPUT energy is.
When fuels start burningThe stored energy is released to other forms of energyLike light & heat
What would you use wood for?What is the output energy of that called?
Making a fireHeat
What would you use petrol for?What is the output energy of that called
Driving a carHeat
Energy is stored in …..
Fuels
We use fuels as….
sources of useful energye.g. heat & light
Everyday fuels that we use are (6)…..
CoalWoodPetrolParaffinGasCandle Wax
What is needed to make fuels burn?
Input energy
When we burn fuels, we get useful…..
Output energy
Key Words: Extinguish
To put something out
Key Words: Firefighters
People who are trainedTo help put outUncontrolled fires
For fuels to keep burning, what is needed?
Heat & oxygen
What makes us the fire triangle.
Oxygen, Heat & Fuel
What is a candle snuffer?
A small metal cup on the end of a long handle which was used to put our candles.
When you think about a candle snuffer, what does it tell you about what is a good way to to put out a fire?
We must cut off the oxygen supply.
Give two examples of how we can cut off the oxygen supply in a fire?
Cover the flames with a blanketPour water on it
What are the three things that firefighters do to put out a fire?
- Remove all fuel from the fire2. Remove the heat (add water)3. Smother the fire by preventing it getting oxyge
Keywords: Prevent
To keep something from happening
Why are controlled fires useful?
They give us warms & help us cook our food.
Ways to prevent fires. Do not play with….
Matches
Do not pour …… onto a burning fire
Any fuel like petrol or lighter gel
What must we do when burning candles to prevent a fire?
Put them in a sturdy candle holderDon’t put them near something that can catch fire
What should we do to stop fires starting from our fireplaces?
Put a fireguard in front of it.
What must we remember about pots when we think about preventing fires?
Never leave them cooking on the stove when a adult is not in the kitchen
What must you do if you suspect a gas leak
Turn off the supplyPhone a gas supplier
Do not used ….. electrical appliances.
“damaged”
What must you remember about camp fires?
Always makes sure they are extinguished when you are finished.
What is the number 1 thing to do when a fire breaks out?
Stay calm!
What must you do if there is smoke?
Stay low on the ground
What in a fire can cause more damage than the actual flames?
Poisonous gases
Why must you stay low to the ground?
The smoke goes upwards
Once you have dropped to the ground, what must you do next
- Crawl away from the flames2. Head towards the nearest exit & get out of the building3. Call the fire station
Key concept: Fires can be a threat to our
Community
What is electricity?
It is a type of energy
Key Words : Electrochemical cell
It changes the energy in chemicals - into electricity
Key Words: Battery
A sourceOf stored energyThat is made of one or more cells
Key Words: Switch
Something that controlsThe electricityIn an electric circuit
Key Words: Electrical Circuit
A system That provides a pathFor the transfer of electricity
A battery has two ends - what is different about the two ends?
One side is positiveThe other side is negative
How does a torch use energy?
By changing electrical energy into light energy (and some heat energy)
What has happened to make a battery flat?
All the energy in a cell has been transferred.
Can you recharge a battery? If yes, how?
Yes but you must buy rechargeable batteries. By plugging them into and electrical point.
Why must we dispose of old batteries carefully?
Because they contain harmful chemicals
Why should you never put batteries in a fire?
They can explode.
Electrical energy is transferred in a …..
Circuit
Describe how a circuit works by using a torch a an example.
The parts of the torch that carry the electricity are joined together in a LOOPIt begins and ends at the battery
What is the function of the circuit
To take the electrical energy from the energy sourceTo where it is needed
Why do some electrical appliances not work?
Because the electrical circuit could be broken
Key Words: Electricity Box
The place where electricity from a substationIs connectedTo the electrical circuits in a building
Key Words: Wall Socket
The part of the wallWhere an electrical appliance Can be connected to an electrical circuit
Key Words: Plug
The part of an electrical applianceThat can be connectedTo a wall socket
Key Words: Turbine
A rod that turnsWith bladesArranged like a wheel around it
Key Words: Generator
A machine that produces electricity
Key Words: Generator
A machine that produces electricity
What do we call the source of electricity for most of our appliances in our homes?
Mains electricity
Where do we get our mains electricity from?
From a very big electrical circuitCalled the “NATIONAL GRID”
How does the electricity get to our homes?
Through a system of wires and cables Which takes the electricity from a power stationTo our homes, schools & workplaces
What happens to the some the electrical energy as it goes through the system?
It changes to HEAT
Why do we have power stations?
Because it’s a source of mains electricity
Were do power stations get their energy?
Coal (mostly)
What are transmission lines?
Thick metal cables through which electricity goesFrom a power stationTo the substations
What is the purpose of pylons?
To support the transmission lines
Name the things involved in carrying electricity from the Power Stations to peoples homes, schools and workplaces?
SubstationsUnderground cablesOverhead wires
What does a building need for it to be connected to mains electricity?
An Electricity Box
What is the point of an electricity box?
It is where the electrical wires from a substationAre connected to the electrical circuitsIn a building
List some of the parts that make up an electricity box?
- Electrical wires2.Electricity meter3. Trip Switch
Where are the electricity wires of circuits in buildings?
In the walls or ceilings
What do you call the thing that is between the electrical wires and the appliances?
Wall sockets
What happens when we turn a light switch on?
The circuit (loop) is completeThe electricity goes to the appliance
What is the function of a power station?
It changes energy into electrical energy
Do all power stations use the same source of electricity?
No
Name 4 types of sources of energy for power stations
CoalFalling waterWindHeat from the sun
Name 1 way we can save electricity?
Use low wattage appliances
Give an example of a low wattage appliance?
Energy Saving Light Bulbs
What is one of the disadvantages of Coal power stations?
Gases and ash go into the air and cause air pollution. This makes people sick
What do Nuclear Power Stations use as a source of fuel?
Uranium that has been mined
What is the downside of nuclear power stations?
They produce dangerous nuclear waste
What negative do both Nuclear & Coal powered stations have?
Both rely on mining Which damage people’s healthAnd the environment
Read this Key Concept carefully
- Electricity from the power station goes in a circuit to our homes and then back to the powers station.2. As it goes through the circuit, some of the electricity is changed into other types of energy3. A power station needs a source of energy4. The source of energy in a power station can be fuel such as coal5. Some power stations use energy from wind, falling water or heat from the Sun
Why is electricity dangerous?
- Because if the wires and appliances are damaged or not connected properly they can cause fires.2. They can give people shoks.
Name two substances that electricity cannot go through?
- Plastic2. Rubber
Name 3 substances that electricity can go through easily?
- Water2. People’s bodies3. Metal
True or false: You can add as many appliances into one wall socket as you want to?
False
True or false:You must switch off a switch before pulling out a plug.
True
How must you hold a plug when taking it out of a socket?
Hold it on the sides
True or false:Wall sockets a really useful for stick incense sticks into them?
FALSE!Don’t stick ANYTHING except a plug into a socket.
What makes electrical cords safe?
They are covered with thick plastic
Where must you NOT put electrical cables?
- Under carpets2. Through hinges 3. On the back of doors
Can you use tape to fix a broken electrical cable?
No
What is the golden rule about water and electricity
Keep them away from each other
Never touch an electrical appliance with…..
Wet hands
True or false:Electrical substations make great play places
FALSE!Stay out!
Do not make fire under….
power lines”Actually just don’t make fires unless you parents say so!”
Never climb….
Electrical pylons
True or false. The earth is a planet in the solar system.?
True
Can you feel the earth movements. Give a reason for your answer?
We can not feel the earth movement. We are moving with the earth and the earth is moving around the sun and moving on its own axis at the same time.
What does the word orbit mean.?
ORBIT: The PATH of one object in space around ANOTHER. example the parth of the planet earth moving around the sun.
What does the word revolution mean in movement?
REVOLUTION: The MOVEMENT of an object in space around another object, such as the movement of the earth around the sun.
What does the word AXIS mean?
AXIS is an imaginary line passing through the centre of an object.
What does the word ROTATION mean?
ROTATION is the movement of an object around itself, such as the movement of the earth around its own axis.
What is the movement of the sun around the earth called?
The movement of the sun around the earth is called a revolution
How many days does it take for the earth to travel once around the sun
365 days
What is the name of the pathway the earth moves around the sun in?
The pathway is called an orbit
What direction does the earth rotate on its own axis
Earth rotates from west to east in an anticlockwise direction
How long does it take for the earth to rotate on its axis
It takes about 24 hours for the earth to rotate once on its own axis
What is the name for the hard rocky layer around the surface of the earth.
The hard rocky layer is called the crust.
Does the crust of the earth go under the water and oceans?
Yes the crust of the earth is also under the oceans
What is the earth crust made of?
The earth crust is made of rock
All life on earth depends on 4 things to survive. What are they?
Soil, air, water and sunlight to survive
How do plants make their own food to survive?
Plants use nutrients and water in the soil, carbon dioxide from the air and sunlight to make their own food.
What do animals need to survive?
Animals me Soil, air, water and sunlight to survive
What is the layer of soil that lies on the surface of the earth called?
Top layer of soil on the earth surface is called top soil
What does the word decomposed mean?
Decompose is to break down into smaller parts
What is fertile soil and what is it needed for?
Fertile soil is rich in nutrients and plants can grow well in it
What is the layer of soil that lies beneath the topsoil called?
Subsoil
Name two ways that soil can support life on earth
Habitats and homes for animals. Provide plants with nutrients and water
What is the name of the soil that the farmers plant their seeds to grow in
Topsoil because it is the most fertile
Top soil is formed when rocks break into smaller grains overtime. Give three examples
Rocks that come into contact with water and air. Chemicals in the water we can rocks. the roots of plants crack rocks
The Center of the earth is made from HOT MOLTEN rock.true or False
True, the Earth center is made from hot rock called MOLTEN when it reaches the earths surface it is called LARVA
How Deep was the deepest hole made into the Earth.a) 1km deepb) 10km deepc) 100km deepd) 1000km deep
The deepest hole made into the Earths surface was b) 10km deep
How did SEDIMENTARY ROCK get it’s name?
The latin word for SIT is “SEDERE”
Name 3 different types of SEDIMENTARY ROCK, what are they?
- SHALE2. SANDSTONE3. LIMESTONE
What is SHALE?
SHALE is a kind of SEDIMENTARY ROCK made from CLAY / MUD
What is SANDSTONE?
SANDSTONE is a kind of SEDIMENTARY ROCK made from SAND
What is LIMESTONE?
LIMESTONE is a kind of SEDIMENTARY ROCK made fro shells, bones & tiny sea animals
How is SEDIMENTARY ROCK formed?
SEDIMENTARY ROCK is formed when sediments are deposited in layers & harden
What does the word DEPOSIT mean?
DEPOSIT: to drop in place
What does the word SEDIMENT mean?
SEDIMENT: soil and pieces of broken rock deposited by river or wind
What does the word COMPACT mean?
COMPACT: press together tightly
SEDIMENTS are made of broken rock, how do these rock break down (2)
- Chemicals in the air & water2. Plant roots grow in the cracks
How do grains of rock [mud & sand] move? (2)
They are moved by wind & water
Explain how a grain of sand would move from the mountain to the sea.
The grain of sand would be swept up by the wind in a dust storm. When the wind slows down the sand is DEPOSITED in low lying areas. (sandunes)The dust can also be deposited in river and be washed down to the river mouth, slowing down at high lying areas in the river bed. Sometime blocking the river mouth. SEDIMENTS block the river mouth.
True or false:Water & wind deposit SEDIMENTS in the same places over & over again.
TRUE:New layers of SEDIMENTS are DEPOSITED on top of existing layers, these layers build up over millions of years.
What do we mean when we say that the LAYERS OF SEDIMENT have become COMPACT?
the top layers of sediment are loose, but the weight of all the layers pushing down, COMPACT the lower layers of SEDIMENT.
Uses for SEDIMENTARY ROCKS:what is LIMESTONE used for in everyday use?
LIMESTONE used to make CEMENTThey also add a small amount of CLAY
Uses for SEDIMENTARY ROCKS:what is SANDSTONE & SHALE used for in everyday use?
SANDSTONE & SHALE used for BUILDING BLOCKS, in their natural form. (cut tiles, wall cladding)SHALE can be ground up to make clay and re-shaped into bricks. (paving)
What is the main difference between SANDSTONE & SHALE?
Sandstone is made from sand and is layered & you can see the grains of sandShale is made from mud and the grains of mud are fine and can not bee seen
How are SEDIMENTS formed?place in the correct order;A) layers of mud & sand build up on top of each otherB) sand & mud are washed or blown awayC) sediments are compact and become harderD) rock break into smaller piecesE) mud and sand are deposited when the river or wind stops or slows down
D) rock break into smaller piecesB) sand & mud are washed or blown awayE) mud and sand are deposited when the river or wind stops or slows downA) layers of mud & sand build up on top of each otherC) sediments are compact and become harder
What is a FOSSIL?
Fossils are the remains or signs of ancient plants and animals preserved in rocks
What does the word ANCIENT mean?
From a very long time ago
What does the word PRESERVED mean>
Reserved means it did not rot away.
True or false. Fossils are a record of the history of life on earth.
True
Why are fossils important?
Fossils are important because they tell us about plants and animals that lived millions of years ago
What does the word EXTINCT mean?
Extinct plant or animal does not live with us today
What rocks are fossils formed in?
Fossils are formed in sedimentary rocks
Fossils are found in different layers of sedimentary rock. Some of the fossils are on the lower layers and some of them are higher up.What can the scientist learn from this information?
Fossils are a record of the history of life on earth. FOSSIL LOWER DOWN ARE FROM EARLIER AGES.From the position of the fossil in the rock. scientists know that there were reptiles on the planet before mammal.
There are two types of fossils what are they?
Body fossil Trace fossil
What is a BODY fossil?
A body fossil isbhard parts of the body such as bones that form fossils
What is a TRACE fossil
A trace fossils preserved signs of animals such as footprints
Give 5 examples of body fossils
BonesTeeth ShellsLeavesStemsSeeds
Give 5 examples of trace fossils
Footprints NestEggs Burrows Animal droppings
What is special about the CYCAD TREE and its leaves
The modern Cycad leaves look very similar to the fossil Cycad leaves from a million years ago
What is special about the KIWI BIRD from new zealand
The Kiwi bird hipbone, is very similar to the dinosaurs hip bone.
What is a fossil record?
Fossil record the fossils have been discovered in a place and the information about them, such as their age
What is a fossil site?
Fossil site is a place where fossils are found
What is the name for human fossils?
Hominid
How many fossil sites are there in South Africa?
There are over 30 fossil sites in south africa
Where in South Africa do we find lots of fossil plants?
Fossil plants grow in wet places Kwazulu Natal & Karoo
What important fossil animals have been found in South Africa?
Dinosaurs and the Coelacanth
What insect has not changed in almost 200 million years?
The cockroach
Name 3 kinds of fossil insects that have been found in the Free State, Eastern Cape, Gauteng and Lesotho
Dragonflies, Cockroaches, Crickets
The AFRICAN DINOSAURS related to what modern day animal?
The african dinosaur is related to the modern day animals lizard, crocodile and birds
Tell me about the LESOTHOSARAURUS
He was discovered in Lesotho. Was the smallest dinasoaur, size of a chicken.
Tell me about the EUSKELOSAURUS
Lived in the Karoo220 million years ago4 - 9meters tallWeighed 1800kilograms
Tell me about the AULACEPHALODON
Was a mammal fossilCovered in furLived 250million years agoSize of a young hippopotamusFound in the Eastern Cape & Lesotho
What fossils were found near Cape Town. ( Lagebaanweg) about 5 million years ago.?
Carnivorous bearsSabre tooth catsShort nek giraffe
What kind of animal was the COELACANTH
Fish
Describe a COELACANTH
LARGE Fish, with 4 leg like fins.
What happened on December 1938
We thought the Coelacanth was extinct about a hundred million years ago.A fisherman caught a very strange fish in a net off East London on that date. It was a Coelacanth
Are there still Coelacanths living today?
Yes they are, living in the very deep waters off the coast of Kwazulu Natal
What is the area near Sterkfontein caves in Johannesburg called?
Cradle of humankind
Is the “Cradle of human kind” a world heritage site?
Yes
How old are some of the early Human bones found at Cradle of humankind?
5 million years
What did early human kind look like?
Ape-manSmaller brainsBigger teeth
Who is Mrs Ples?
Skull found in the Cradle of mankind. Thought it was women but later discovered it was a young boy
Who is Little Foot?
An almost complete ape-man skeleton.Found in Cradle of mankind. 3 - 4 million years old.
What is an ELASTIC?
ELASTIC is a material that returns quickly to its original shape after been bent or stretched
What does the word COMPRESS mean?
COMPRESS means to squeeze or push something together
TRUE or FALSE:Not all energy is used immediately, some energy can be stored until it is needed.
TRUE:Not all energy is used immediately, some energy can be stored until it is needed.
Give an 4 example of STORED ENERGY.
FOOD BATTERIES.ELASTIC BANDSSPRINGare good example of STORED ENERGY.
Explain how the stored energy in an elastic band works.
When we pull or twist an elastic band it becomes loaded with stored energy.The stored energy when released is turned into movement energy.
True or falseA reptile is a warm blooded animal.
FALSE: tortoise is a reptile
True or falseYour ears help you balance properly
TRUE:
True or falseWhen something has energy , it is able to work.
TRUE
True or falseThe earths core is about 200km from the earths surface
FALSE, it is 1000’s of KM to the center of the Earth
Witch animal is the odd one out.a) elephantb) wild dogc) mountain tortoised) kangaroo
c) Mountain tortoise, is a reptile
De-composers change …………. plants and animals into important nutrients that make the soil fertile.a) deadb) allc) greend) flowering
a) deadDe-composers change dead plants and animals into important nutrients that make the soil fertile.
The hole in the middle of the eye is called the ……………..a) pupilb) retinac) cornead) iris
a) pupilThe hole in the middle of the eye is called the pupil.
what does a candle need to keep burning?a) oxygenb) nitrogenc) carbon dioxided) carbon monoxide
a) oxygen
which is an example of NON- renewable energy source?a) solar powerb) wind powerc) coal powerd) hydroelectric power
c) coalIs an example of NON- renewable energy source
Which one of the following substances would you use to conduct electricity the best?a) A metalb) A non metalc) glassd) liquid
a) Metalconduct electricity the best
To put out a fire caused by an electrical appliance, you should use….a) bucket of waterb) a blanketc) a hose from the gardend) a fire extinguisher
d) a fire extinguisherNEVER use water fro an electrical fireBlanket would catch alight
when top soil is fertile it……a) is always light in colourb) contains lots of nutrientsd) smells sweet
b) contains lots of nutrientsWhen top soil is fertile it contains lots of nutrients
Rocks formed by the cooling of molten larva are called…a) sedimentaryb) volcanicc) igneousd) metamorphic
c) igneousRocks formed by the cooling of molten larva are called igneous
This soil can not hold water and does not have much food for plantsa) sandy soilb) clayc) siltd) loam
a) sandy soilSandy soil can not hold water and does not have much food for plants.
In a light bulb, the electrical energy is converted into light and …………… energy
In a light bulb, the electrical energy is converted into light and HEAT energy
The dark material found in soil is called ……………….It is made up of decomposed plants and animals
HUMUS
