SOURCES AUGUSTUS

Question 1

Development of the principate: settlements of 27 and 23 BC

Archaeological

Answer 1

Coins - especially those that say CAESAR DIVI F
ARA PACIS
Shows Senate + Imp Fam - their roles, how princeps was in front, but Senate still played a role

Question 2

Development of the principate: settlements of 27 and 23 BC

Cassius Dio

Answer 2

Senate was responsible for the creation of the principate through granting legal rights and power through the settlements
“Both he and the emperors after him gained certain legal rights to use the tribunician power as well as other power…”

Question 3

Development of the principate: settlements of 27 and 23 BC

Tactitus

Answer 3

Country had been transformed and political equality did not exist

Question 4

Development of the principate: settlements of 27 and 23 BC

RES GESTAE DIVI AUGUSTI

Answer 4

“After I had extinguished civil wars, and at a time when with universal consent I was in complete control of affairs, I transferred from m power to the dominion of the senate and people of Rome…After this time I excelled all in influence [auctoritas] although I possessed no more official power [potestas] than others who were my colleagues in the several magistracies”

Question 5

Development of the principate: settlements of 27 and 23 BC

Mommsen

Answer 5

“dyarchy” (sharing of power between Senate & princeps)

Question 6

Development of the principate: settlements of 27 and 23 BC

SALMON

Answer 6

Augustus has superior power however Senate still had a significant role under Augustus principate system
“Augustus had…preferred the evolutionary method largely because….he was disposed to take steps only when they were needed

Question 7

Development of the principate: settlements of 27 and 23 BC

BEARD

Answer 7

Privileges of the senate were “in many ways enhanced not removed…” because the governing class remained the same + the old senatorial offices of the state, including consulship + preatorship remained in use & filled by the governing class.

Question 8

Titles, honours and images of the princeps

archaeological

Answer 8

Augustus as Jupiter → God like, equating him with Rome’s most revered god (king of the gods)
Bronze equestrian statue recovered from the Aegean Sea, Athens → man of the people image
Via Labicana Augustus, Augustus as Pontifex Maximus → conservative

Question 9

Titles, honours and images of the princeps

ancient written

Answer 9

Depicted positively → because how he wanted to be remembered
Aimed to portray self + achievements as he wanted
Makes a point of listing all his honours, offices + own funds for building programs & games
Triumphant, important, tradition
Not power hungry, doing everything for SPQR
Young, selfless, courageous, SAVIOUR OF THE PEOPLE, pragmatic, politically astute, bringer of peace
“The senate the equestrian order the entire Roman people gave me the title father of the country”

Question 10

Titles, honours and images of the princeps Archaeological Sources

Answer 10

coins - Son of a god → CAESAR DIVI F → divine presence & link to venus → emphasis on family, Reminding public of his achievements

Statue of Prima Porta → Statue of Augustus from Villa of Livia

ARA PACIS

Question 11

Roles of magistrates and officials

ARCHAEOLOGICAL

Answer 11

SOURCE: imperial family and senators (Ara Pacis - Altar of Augustan Peace)
SOURCE: marble relief of the Praetorian guard

Question 12

Augustus’s building programs: The Forum Augustum, the Ara Pacis, Pantheon, Campus Martius

SUETONIUS bricks iNtO mArBLe

Answer 12

He boasted SOURCE: “I found Rome built of bricks; I leave her clothed in marble” (Suetonius)

Question 13

REASONS BEHIND A’S BUILDING PROGRAMS
Political
SUETONIUS

Answer 13

To show new beginning. SOURCE: “The rot had ended” (Suetonius)

Question 14

Augustus’s building programs: The Forum Augustum, the Ara Pacis, Pantheon, Campus Martius
Forum Augustum ZANKER

Answer 14

Zanker → the design of the AF = deliberate as any visitor faced with extensive and specially integrated set of images ranging from Augustus to the gods to divine Julius to Rome’s heros/

Question 15

Augustus’s building programs: The Forum Augustum, the Ara Pacis, Pantheon, Campus Martius
Significance of A’s building programs according to shotter:

Answer 15

SOURCE “The restored republic essentially represented the continuity of Rome’s past greatness, now enhanced by the auctoritas of the princeps.”SHOTTER

Question 16

Literature and propaganda: Virgil, Horace and Livy, role of Maecenas
HORACE

Answer 16

SOURCE: “While Caesar rules, no civil strife/ Shall break our rest..”

Question 17

Literature and propaganda: Virgil, Horace and Livy, role of Maecenas
Suetonius

Answer 17

SOURCE: “He would politely and patiently attend readings not only of their poems and historical works, but of their speeches and dialogues” SUETONIUS

Question 18

Imperial family and problems of the succession, role of imperial women: Livia, Julia

LIVIA

Answer 18

SOURCE: “Depicted as the benefactor of family life, first wife and mother of the state, symbol of chaste and old-fashioned Roman womanhood’ (Flory)

Question 19

Imperial family and problems of the succession, role of imperial women: Livia, Julia
JULIA
(Suetonius)

Answer 19

SOURCE: “She was engaged in every sort of vice” - SUETONIUS

Question 20

Death of Augustus

Tacitus

Answer 20

SOURCE: “some suspected his wife of foul play”

Question 21

Death of Augustus

Shotter

Answer 21

SOURCE: “The ultimate legacy of Augustus was the broad sweep of stability that the Roman world gained from 31 BC for four centuries and more” (Shotter)

Question 22

frontier policy

RES GESTAE

Answer 22

SOURCE : “I extended the boundaries of all provinces…The provinces of the Gauls, the Spains and Germany…I reduced to a state of peace” (Res Gestae)