Sources

Question 1

Chang 2002

Answer 1

Kicking away the ladder:

• Developed countries got where they are by using infant industry protection and export subsidies
• they had very few of the institutions deemed essential today, until they were quite developed (late 19th to early 20th century)
• These institutions were the outcome, rather than the cause, of economic development in now-developed countries
• Institutions demanded from developing countries are irrelevant or harmful given their stage of development

Question 2

Morrison 2012

Answer 2

Before Hegemony (2012)
* Britain began lowering its trade barriers as early as the 1780s

• Adoption of a more open trading structure prior to hegemonic ascent in a multipolar world → contrary to the propositions of HST
• The influence of an intellectual on a key policy maker at a time of critical juncture
  > Intellectual: Adam Smith; policymaker: the Earl of Shelburne, Prime Minister (1782-83); critical juncture: American Revolutionary War
  > Making way for ideational variables
• Vertically integrated empire:
  > Overseas colonies to furnish raw materials
  > Heavily managed trade with rivals in an effort to improve Britain’s terms of trade
• The American Revolutionary War challenged this model
  Britain eventually gave up the fight in 1783
  > Smith’s ideas were not adopted because of the loss of the American colonies → Adam Smith persuaded the Earl of Shelburne that mercantilist management was costing Britain both power and prosperity
  > The new American states were granted free trade with Britain; 1785 Britain offered free trade to Ireland in return for moderate taxation; in 1786 an agreement with France
• While its later hegemonic ascent could be seen as necessary for transforming the structure of international trade; it cannot explain the shift towards laissez faire in the 1780s

Question 3

Boughton 2014

Answer 3

History of the IMF

Question 4

Keohane 1988

Answer 4

After Hegemony (2005)
Cooperation is Possible
Focus on Institutions
Hegemony is Not Necessary

Question 5

Barton et al; 2008

Answer 5

The Evolution of the Trade Regime: Politics, Law, and Economics of the GATT and the WTO

Question 6

Zartman, Touval 2010

Answer 6

International Cooperation: The Extents and Limits ofMultilateralism

Question 7

Kaya, Reay 2019

Answer 7

‘How did the Washington Consensus move within the IMF? Fragmented change from the 1980s to the aftermath of the 2008 crisis’

Question 8

Best, Christiansen 2019

Answer 8

examines the different regional arrangements that have emerged around the globe. It considers whether there has been a uniform process of regional cooperation and integration across all continents, the driving forces in the establishment of various forms of regional cooperation, and the extent to which cooperation at the regional level changes the nature of international politics.

Question 9

Walter 2021

Answer 9

Backlash against globalisation

Question 10

Rudra 2001

Answer 10

Race to the bottom