Sound Conduction and Transduction Flashcards
What scale is used to measure how loud a sound is?
Decibels (logarithmic scale)
What is the audible range for humans in terms of frequency?
20-20,000 Hz
What is the name given to the wing shaped flap skin and cartilage that makes up the outer ear?
Pinna
Describe the shape of the outer ear and its importance.
It is conical – starts off wide at the external auditory meatus and narrows to the tympanic membrane
This focuses the noise and increases the pressure on the tympanic membrane
Is the tympanic cavity fluid-filled or air-filled?
Air-filled
State 2 ways in which the ossicles increase the pressure of vibration of the tympanic membrane.
Focussing the vibrations from the large surface area of the tympanic membrane to the small surface area of the oval window – this decrease in surface area means that the pressure is increased
The incus has a flexible joint with the stapes, such that the ossicles use leverage to increase the force on the oval window
This amplifies the sound by 30 dB
What is the point of the middle ear? Why isn’t the tympanic membrane continuous with the cochlea?
The cochlea contains fluid, in which you are trying to induce a pressurewave
If the tympanic membrane was continuous with the cochlea, you would go straight from air to fluid and 99% of the energy will bounce back due to impedance
Sound waves require more energy to travel through fluid than air so the increase in pressure of vibration allowed by the ossicles is crucial for this conduction
What 2 muscles are involved in making sure that the ossicles aren’t damaged by excessive vibration due to loud noise?
Tensor Tympani
Stapedius
What is the name given to this reflex?
Auditory reflex
What is the latency period of this reflex?
50-100 ms
What is hyperacusis?
Painful sensitivity to low intensity sounds – can occur in conditions that lead to flaccid paralysis of the auditory reflex muscles (e.g. Bell’s Palsy)
Which test is used to determine the site of damage to the auditory system, that is causing hearing loss?
Weber Test
What are the 2 specialised membranes of the cochlea?
Oval Window
Round Window
What are the three compartments of the inner ear?
Scala Vestibuli
Scala Media
Scala Tympani
Which types of fluid do each compartment contain?
Scala Vestibuli + Scala Tympani = perilymph
Scala Media = endolymph
What structure connects the two perilymph compartments?
Helicotrema
Describe how the cochlea functions.
The vibration of the tympanic membrane is conducted and amplified to a vibration of the oval window by the footplate of the stapes.
This vibration induces a pressure wave in the perilymph in the scala vestibuli.
This vibrates the scala media leading to vibration of the basilar membrane.
The round window vibrates as well to equalise the pressure in the cochlea.
Describe the difference in sensitivity of different parts of the basilar membrane.
Higher frequency sounds = base
Lower frequency sounds = apex
What is the Organ of Corti?
The sense organ of the cochlea, which converts sound signals into nerve impulses that are transmitted to the brain via the cochlear nerve
Where is the Organ of Corti found?
It lies on top of the basilar membrane and beneath the tectorial membrane
What are the two types of cell in the organ of corti?
Inner and outer hair cells
Describe the features and function of inner hair cells.
Found on their own
Not in contact with the tectorial membrane
Send impulses to the brain
They have stereocilia that move in response to the movement of endolymph in the scala media
Roughly 3500 in the body
Describe the features and function of outer hair cells.
Found in groups of three
They are in contact with the tectorial membrane
They receive input from the brain
Electromotile so can expand and contract to amplify the amount of vibration (this is the basis of the cochlear amplifier)
Damage can result in sensorineural hearing loss
Roughly 20,000 in the body
Which compartment of the cochlea does the stereocilia of the hair cells project into?
Endolymph (base is in the perilymph)
What internally generated sounds are the outer hair cells responsible for?
Otoacoustic emissions
What are stereocilia connected by?
Tip links
What bony conical structure is found at the middle of the cochlea?
Modiolus
Describe what happens when the basilar membrane is displaced upwards.
Depolarisation
Stereocilia move away from the modiolus
K+ channels open
K+ enters from the endolymph
Describe what happens when the basilar membrane is displaced downwards.
Hyperpolarisation
Stereocilia move towards the modiolus
K+ channels close
Describe the difference in K+ and Na+ concentration in the different compartments of the cochlea.
Scala Media = High K+ and Low Na+
Scala Tympani = High Na+ and Low K+
NOTE: stria vascularis maintains this concentration
Describe the auditory pathway from the cochlea to the primary auditory cortex.
Spiral ganglion -> cochlear nuclei -> superior olive -> inferior colliculus -> medial geniculate nucleus -> primary auditory cortex
Up to what point is the auditory pathway from one ear ipsilateral?
Cochlear nuclei
Beyond this point there is bilateral representation
The inferior colliculus receives input from both cochlea. What is the inferior colliculus responsible for?
Reflex associations – turning your head towards loud noise
Describe a phenomenon that is involved in sharpening the signal coming from the cochlea.
Lateral inhibition
To which parts of the CNS do collaterals from the auditory pathway go?
Reticular formation
Cerebellum
In which lobe is the primary auditory cortex?
Temporal
What is the secondary auditory cortex responsible for?
Responding to sounds coming off/on
Responding to the duration of sound
What is the name given to the axons that project from the medial geniculate nucleus to the primary auditory cortex?
Acoustic radiations (they travel via the internal capsule)
How do you localise short sound burst?
Interaural time delay
How do you localise continuous sound?
Interaural intensity difference
What is conductive hearing loss?
When diseases of the middle ear damage the ossicles or stiffen theirjoints so that the amplification system is eliminated – results in conductive hearing loss
What is sensorineural hearing loss and what can it be caused by?
When the cochlea or cochlear nerve get damaged, the signal transmitted to the primary auditory cortex is reduced or lost
It can be caused by acoustic schwannoma (tumour of the cochlear nerve) or cerebellar tumours expanding and putting pressure on thecochlear nerve
What is the term used to describe loss of hearing due to the death of hair cells in normal ageing?
Presbyacusis
