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Phonetics > Sound Classification > Flashcards

Sound Classification Flashcards

1
Q

Articulation

A

The vocal tract movements needed for speech sound production.

Involves accuracy in placement of the articulators to include timing, direction of movement, force extended, speed of response and integration of all of these events

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2
Q

Articulators

A 
Tongue
Teeth
Lower Jaw or Mandible
Lips or Labial Muscles
Hard Palate
	--	Alveolar Ridge
Soft Palate/Velum
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3
Q

The Tongue

A

Most important and most mobile articulator

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4
Q

Parts of the Tongue

A

Body: the main mass of the tongue (does not include Root)
4 articulating parts of the tongue include:
Tip: Forward end of Tongue
Blade: Behind tip; used with tip down, more than tip alone; forms constriction in front part of palate
NOTE: The Tip is seldom separated from the Blade in normal use; The combination occurs during over 50% of consonant productions in an average English speech sample
Dorsum: back part, forms constriction in palatovelar area (where soft and hard portions of palate come together); used in velar sounds (/k, g/)
Root: forms the front wall of pharynx; shapes the vocal tract

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5
Q

CONSONANTS

A

Closed or narrowly constricted passage – Some consonants are voiced and some are unvoiced.

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6
Q

VOWELS

A

Open passage – All vowels are voiced

Categorized by 3 dimensions:
  Tongue Position & Height
  (Front, Central, Back, High, Mid, Low)
  Tongue Tension - Tense or Lax
  Lip Rounding - Rounded or Unrounded
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7
Q

High front Vowel(s)

A

/i/ and /ɪ/

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8
Q

Mid front Vowel(s)

A

/e/ and /ɛ/

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9
Q

Low front Vowel(s)

A

/æ/

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10
Q

Mid central Vowel(s)

A

/ʌ/ /ə/ /ɝ/ /ɚ/

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11
Q

High back Vowel(s)

A

/u/ /ʊ/

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12
Q

Mid back Vowel(s)

A

/о/ /ɔ/

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13
Q

Low back Vowel(s)

A

/ɑ/

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14
Q

Tense-Tongue Vowel(s)

A

Tense = longer duration & more muscle tension. Occurs in word final syllable usually at the end of a one syllable word. Examples: ‘bee’, ‘bay’, ‘too’, ‘tow’, ‘law’, ‘spa’,
/i/, /e/, /u/, /o/, /ɔ/, /ɑ/

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15
Q

Lax-Tongue Vowel(s)

A

Lax = without tension and cannot usually end a word in final position.
- /ɪ/, /ɛ/, /æ/, /ʊ/,

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16
Q

Rounded Lips

A

Rounded
/o/, /u/, /ʊ/, /ɔ/

Most front vowels are unrounded and back vowels are rounded except for /ɑ/.

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17
Q

Unrounded Lips

A

Unrounded
- /i/, /ɪ/, /e/, /ɛ/, /æ/, /ɑ/,

Most front vowels are unrounded and back vowels are rounded except for /ɑ/.

18
Q

Consonant Characteristics:

A

Place
Manner
Voicing

19
Q

Place of Articulation

A

Place of articulation refers to the point of contact for articulators to produce a speech sound. Think of where the sound is anatomically produced.

Labials 
Bilabial
Labiodental
Interdentals
Alveolar
Palatals
Velars
Glottal
20
Q

Labials

A

One or both lips are used (labial muscles)

21
Q

Bilabial

A

(both lips)

/p/ /b/ /m/

/w/ (note that the /w/ is doubly-articulated in place of production and produced as both a labial & velar)

22
Q

Labiodental

A

(lower lip and teeth)

/f/ /v/

23
Q

Interdentals/Linguadental

A

Tongue placed between teeth or contacts the upper teeth

/Ɵ/ (theta or unvoiced “th”)
/ð/ (eth or voiced “th”)

24
Q

Alveolar

A

Tongue makes contact with upper alveolar ridge.

/t/ /d/ /s/ /z/ /n/ /l/

/r/ may be classified as Alveolar in some books

25
Q

Palatals

A

Tongue makes contact with the hard palate

/ʃ/ /ʒ/ /ʧ/ /ʤ/ /j/ /r/

/ɚ/ We put the /ɚ/ here so you can feel the difference between the vocalic “er” and /r/ but it usually isn’t classified as a palatal with the consonant phonemes

26
Q

Velars

A

Back of tongue makes contact to the soft palate or velum

/k/ /g/ /ŋ/

27
Q

Glottal

A

Sound is produced at the level of vocal folds.
/h/= only glottal phoneme in American English

/ ʔ/= glottal stop
Stoppage of air at the vocal folds
“uh-oh”

28
Q

Manner of Articulation

A

Refers to: HOW sounds are produced or how the airflow is obstructed

Plosives or Stops
Fricatives
Affricates
Nasals
Glides
Liquids
29
Q

Plosives or Stops

A

Air pressure is built up in the mouth/oral cavity and suddenly released.

/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/

30
Q

Fricatives

A

Air is forced through a narrow opening in mouth. Creates friction.

/f/ /v/ /Ɵ/ /ð/ /s/ /z/ /ʃ/ /ʒ/ /h/

31
Q

Affricates

A

Affricates are a combination of a stop and a fricative (stop onset and fricative release)

/ʧ/ and /ʤ/

32
Q

Nasals

A

Nasals are created by closing the oral cavity, thereby allowing air to pass through the nasal cavity or nose.

/m/ /n/ /ŋ/

33
Q

Glides

A

AKA= Semivowels
These phonemes possess vowel-like qualities (constriction of vocal tract is greater though than of vowels)

Early developing sounds in sound development

/w/ /j/

34
Q

Liquids

A

The phonemes in this category used to be considered glides or approximants
AKA: semivowels or laterals (but do not use these terms in this class – stick to liquids).

Production is made with large opening between tongue and hard palate.

Later developing sounds in sound development
/l/ /r/

35
Q

Voicing

A

Another way to classify sounds.

Dependent upon if voicing occurs when phoneme is produced.

Voiced: vocal cords vibrate together during production (glottis is closed)- adduction
Voiceless: vocal cords are open during production (glottis is open) - abduction

36
Q

Cognates

A

A pair of consonants are produced in the same place and manner but differ only in voicing. (that is, one is voiced and one is voiceless).

One can distinguish over half of the consonants by voicing!

8 cognates (pairs)=16 consonants
/p,b/ /Ɵ,ð/ /f,v/ /t,d/ /s,z/ /ʧ,ʤ/ /ʃ,ʒ/ /k,g/
37
Q

Sonorant / Obstruent

A

“A classification to distinguish All English consonants according to the amount of vocal tract obstruction necessary for their production”.

38
Q

Sonorant:

A

Minimal obstruction of laryngeal airflow in the vocal tract

All Sonorants are voiced

/m, n, ŋ, l, r, j, w/ (and all vowels are too)

39
Q

Obstruents

A

Consonants that are produced with a considerable amount of obstruction to the breathstream in the oral cavity.

Approximately ½ of Obstruents are voiced and ½ are unvoiced.

/p,b,t,d,k,g,ʧ,ʤ,f,v,Ɵ,ð,s,z,ʃ,ʒ,h/

40
Q

Which letters in English spelling are not used in English language phonetic transcription?

A

x, c, q, y

41
Q

Flap /ɾ/
A very quick stop usually between two vowels
Contact between two articulators (which ones?) is very brief.
Examples: /lɪɾəl/ or /lɪɾl/,

A

A very quick stop usually between two vowels
Contact between two articulators (which ones?) is very brief.
Examples: /lɪɾəl/ or /lɪɾl/,

42
Q

Syllabics

A

Defined - a consonant with a vowel like quality
All syllables must contain a vowel or vowel-like sound.
The nucleus of a syllable is generally the vowel.
When there isn’t a vowel , some sonorants will serve as the vowel for the syllable and become the nucleus

Phonetics (6 decks)

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