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philosophy (by me) > soul body mind > Flashcards

soul body mind Flashcards

1
Q

substance dualism

A

there are two aspects to human beings the physical and the mental- the mental identified as the soul

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2
Q

materialism

A

humans are made up of physical matter alone

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3
Q

plato’s opposites

A

philosopher vs non philosopher/ knowledge vs opinions

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4
Q

(plato) which is more important, the body or the soul?

A

the soul

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5
Q

why is the soul more important than the body to plato?

A

it is part of the empirical world and is subject to change

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6
Q

what does the should do, according to plato?

A

helps us gain knowledge

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7
Q

what is our true purpose and what stops us from accessing it?(plato)

A

our body stops us from having philosophical thoughts

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8
Q

describe the soul from plato’s point of view.

A

immortal and cannot be divided- not physical

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9
Q

what does plato think is trapped in the body?

A

the soul

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10
Q

what kind of relation ship do the body and soul have according to Plato?

A

not a partnership, they are in conflict

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11
Q

how would plato describe the body?

A

temporal, physical, opinionated and made up of parts

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12
Q

plato’s soul analogy

A

a charioteer in charge of two horses. one behaves, the other doesn’t.the soul works best when the charioteer or reason are in charge. the horses pull in different directions. appetites will pull us to places which aren’t helpful. we need spirit to help us do the right thing. a good person is one who’s soul is balanced

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13
Q

souls- past -present -future

A

in the past the soul was in the realm of the forms. it has knowledge of the forms before it is pulled to the earth through appetite. in the present it is incarnated in the body. in the future it will be freed from the body and return to the realm of the forms

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14
Q

aristotle interpretation of the soul

A

the soul is not something completely extra to the body.

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15
Q

Bertrand Russel’s example to support Aristotle

A

there would not be football without footballers.

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16
Q

is the soul separable from the body?

A

not for Aristotle

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17
Q

how does our soul appear in us

A

through our personality and abilities

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18
Q

axe example (Aristotle)

A

if the body was an axe the soul would be its ability to chop

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19
Q

Aristotle’s eye example

A

if the body was an eye the soul would be it’s ability to see

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20
Q

which elements are our souls made up of according to Aristotle?

A

vegetative appetitive (irrational) and rational

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21
Q

which living things only have the vegetative part of a soul

A

plants- allows them to gain nutrition

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22
Q

what elements do animals should have

A

appetitive and vegetative

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23
Q

what elements do human should have ?

A

rational and irrational which separates us from animals and plants

24
Q

aristotle’s thoughts on an afterlife?

A

an afterlife is unlikely if the body and soul are inseparable but the abstract ability to reason could survive (maybe)

25
Q

what does ‘meditations 1’ question?(Descartes)

A

whether or is possible to doubt al things

26
Q

Descartes three fold reasoning as to how doubting the body is real is possible

A

1) senses at times have been unreliable. what if they are always unreliable
2) hard to know the difference between a dream and real life
3) an evil demon- who is in charge of the universe and has nothing better to do than deceive us

27
Q

what does ‘meditations 2’ make clear? (Descartes)

A

that there is one thong that he cannot doubt, he knows he exists

28
Q

Descartes trademark quote

A

‘I think therefore I am’

29
Q

problem with thinking proving that there is a thinker

A

it only proves that the ‘thinking part’ of us exists

30
Q

leibniz law

A

if two objects are identical they have to be exactly the same/ have exactly the same parts- if they don’t they have to be different

31
Q

how does Descartes use the leibniz law

A

the mind and body are not exactly the same- the mind is then logically independent to the body

32
Q

what does descartes say the mind is?

A

the thinking element of us - the essence of the mind is thought

33
Q

why is the mind different to the body (descartes)

A

the body is an extension of physical space, the essence of the mind is non physical thought so they cannot be the same.

34
Q

descartes- can the body be divided like the body can?

A

no the mind is indivisible and immaterial

35
Q

modern materialism

A

consciousness can be explained by physical or material interactions. reject the idea of the soul as a separate substance

36
Q

Richard Dawkins argument about souls

A

‘soul’ is a mythological concept- just a convenient ‘explanation’ of the mysteries of personality and consciousness. ‘its not an explanation but an evasion’

37
Q

Dawkins rejection of platonic soul

A

rejects it but accepts that ‘soul’ can be used metaphorically

38
Q

Dawkins soul 1

A

traditional view- a separate thing that contains our personality, the real person- this view is rejected

39
Q

Dawkins soul 2

A

Oxford dictionary- ‘intellectual spiritual power’ - this is not logical as this is not a separate thing from the brain

40
Q

Gilbert Ryle

A

the ghost in the machine (Descartes idea that the mind is a thing) is mistaken. there is nothing extra, just human behaviour which can be analysed through science.

41
Q

Ryle category error

A

dualists think of the mind in the wrong way. tourist is shown different libraries and collages within the uni then asked but, where is the university itself?

42
Q

Susan Blackmore

A

rejects the idea that the mind is non-physical. as evolution can be explained through genes, so too, can the contents of our minds be explained by memes- cultural ideas which stick on the pathways of our brain and to some extent are passed down by evolution.

43
Q

Plato’s arguments for evolution - innate knowledge

A

the soul is required to explain a priori knowledge- (‘mento- secretes questioning an uneducated slave who with gentle encouragement is able to come up with Pythagoras’ theorem)

44
Q

problems with the innate knowledge argument

A

not very convincing- relies on acceptance of the forms

45
Q

plato’s arguments for dualism linguistic argument

A

I- our soul ‘I am happy’ ‘i have a body’ - we are apart from our body

46
Q

problem with linguistic argument

A

reading too much into our language

47
Q

Descartes arguments for substance dualism- divisibility

A

the body is divisible the mind is not - we can’t split consciousness

48
Q

against divisibility argument

A

psychologists dispute that consciousness cannot be divided- personality disorders

49
Q

Descartes arguments for substance dualism - doubt

A

doubting the existence of the body. not possible to doubt the existence of ‘I’ the thinking thing.

50
Q

against the doubt argument

A

just because we think that one thing is uncertain and another thing is certain does not necessarily mean that this is the case

51
Q

neuroscience

A

we know which part of the brain is responsible for emotions, language and memory. our consciousness can be affected by brain chemistry. depression- can be treated by altering the brains chemistry.

52
Q

Dawkins and science

A

eventually we will be able to understand all mental processes and have a complete understanding of consciousness

53
Q

dualists response neuroscience

A

the ‘qualia’ phenomenon - we feel our consciousness - cannot be solved by third party science.

54
Q

problem of interaction

A

how can a non physical mind interact with a physical body/brain surely they’re incompatible (ghost riding a bike)

55
Q

category error

A

wrongly assuming something extra (university example)

56
Q

simplicity

A

consciousness being explained by physical an material experiences in the brain is the simplest explanation- don’t multiply entities beyond necessity.

57
Q

materialists and empirical explanation

A

we are material substances which can be empirically examined

philosophy (by me) (3 decks)

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