Sophmore year finals Flashcards
radial symmetry
body parts are arranged around a central axis (jellyfish, sea anemones)
bilateral symmetry
when you divide the body there are 2 superficial mirror images (humans, butterflies, dogs)
asymmetrical
cannot be divided to make identical parts (sponge
diploblasts
2 living germ layers - endoderm and ectoderm
1 non living germ layer
tripliblasts
3 germ layers - endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm
three main cavities in mammals
theracic, abdominal, cranial
coelomates
develops a coelom (body cavity)
derived from mesoderm
acoelomates
no coelom, their mesoderm is filled w tissue
pseudocoelomates
“false” coelum
partly developing from endoderm and partly from mesoderm
bioenergetics
study of how animals gain and use energy
photoautotraughs
make their own food/energy from light (plants)
heterotrophs
get energy from others (animals)
chemoautotrophs
make own energy from chemicals/inorganic material
endothermic
warm blooded
keep heat inside, can regulate body temp
ectotherms
cold blooded
not able to regulate body temp
torpor
way of decreasing energy expenditure by decreasing activity
hibernation - has to occur over long periods
savanna
- grassland with scattered trees
- africa, south america, northern australia
- 3.9-15.7 inches (low)
- plants have elaborate roots systems
temperate forests
- north america, western europe, eastern asia, chile, new zealand
- 29.5 - 59 inches
- temp varies
less diversity of trees than tropical rainforest
arctic tundra
- north of boreal forest
- 37-52 in summer
- (-29 average in winter)
- perma frost ( frozen layer of soul, roots can’t go through)
- 10-12 wks growing szn, plants grow fast cuz it’s always daylight
abiotic factors
non living factors (temp, rain, sunlight)
biotic factors
living (plants, animals)
photic zone
part of the ocean that light penetrates (200m)
aphotic zone
part of ocean where light does not penetrate (4000m)
abyssal zone
deepest part, no light, some special types of life (10,000m)
intertidal zone
beach
variable environment bc of tides
nertic zone
where plants and plankton are
200 meters (continental shelf)
light penetrates
pelagic or open ocean zone
not benthic
includes most of what we call open waters
benthic zone
composed of dead organisms and sand
cold but above freezing
where most life is found, rich because of dead organisms
asexual reproduction
- offspring are genetically identical
- harder to adapt cuz there’s no genetic diversity
- faster and easier reproduction
- works better in an unchanging environment
binary fission
organism grows, and after, it splits in two
(sea anemones, coral polyps)
budding
outgrowth of a part of an animal that separates and becomes another animal
fragmentation
the breaking of the body into parts with regeneration
- one part is bigger than the other
(starfish)
parthenogenesis
an egg develops into complete individual w/out fertilization
(mostly reptiles)
sexual reproduction
reproductive cells (gametes) come together for fertilization
- haploid cells come together to form a diploid
- more genetic diversity, good for adaption, stronger against diseases and malformations
- takes longer/less efficient
hermaphroditism
one animal has both male and female reproductive systems
(invertebrates, tapeworms, snails)
- can fertilize themselves or be fertilized by a male
female sex determination
true x chromosomes
- 2 copies of x chromosomes
male sex determination
- x and y chromosomes
external fertilization
- usually done in the water
- genetic diversity
- makes a lot more but they have a lower chance of survival
can be triggered by water temp or length of daylight
internal fertilization
usually in land animals
- oviparity
- ovoviparity
- viviparity
oviparity
egg is fertilized inside, then laid outside, but still needs to develop
(amphibians, birds)
oVOviparity
egg fertilized inside, and stays inside female
- egg still gets nutrients from yolk
( some sharks, some lizards, some snakes)
viviparity
THATS US!!!
offspring develop inside female, get nourishment from female, then are born alive
(most mammals, some bony fish)
gregor mendel
1822-1884
- father of genetics
- proposed continuous variation theory
trait
variation in the PHYSICAL appearance of a heritable characteristic
hybridization
mating true breeding organisms with different traits
dominant trait
traits that are inherited unchanged in hybridization
recessive trait
trait that is dormant (disappears) in hybridization
genotype
genetic component of a triat
phenotype
physical component of a trait
homozygous
2 dominant or 2 recessive
heterozygous
1 dominant or 1 recessive
allele
gene caries 1 copy of the gene
incomplete dominance
a blend of the dominant and recessive alleles
codominance
two alleles for the same trait are simultaneously expressed
multiple alleles
more than 2 alleles that express the same trait
x linked traits
only present in a x chromosome
mendel’s experiment
he combined a yellow seeded pea plant and a green seeded pea plant and their offspring were all yellow. but then the then he allowed that second generation to reproduce and some were green, meaning that the green trait had been in there all along but had been hidden.
