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Nat Phil > Sophmore year finals > Flashcards

Sophmore year finals Flashcards

1
Q

radial symmetry

A

body parts are arranged around a central axis (jellyfish, sea anemones)

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2
Q

bilateral symmetry

A

when you divide the body there are 2 superficial mirror images (humans, butterflies, dogs)

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3
Q

asymmetrical

A

cannot be divided to make identical parts (sponge

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4
Q

diploblasts

A

2 living germ layers - endoderm and ectoderm
1 non living germ layer

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5
Q

tripliblasts

A

3 germ layers - endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm

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6
Q

three main cavities in mammals

A

theracic, abdominal, cranial

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7
Q

coelomates

A

develops a coelom (body cavity)
derived from mesoderm

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8
Q

acoelomates

A

no coelom, their mesoderm is filled w tissue

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9
Q

pseudocoelomates

A

“false” coelum
partly developing from endoderm and partly from mesoderm

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10
Q

bioenergetics

A

study of how animals gain and use energy

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11
Q

photoautotraughs

A

make their own food/energy from light (plants)

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12
Q

heterotrophs

A

get energy from others (animals)

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13
Q

chemoautotrophs

A

make own energy from chemicals/inorganic material

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14
Q

endothermic

A

warm blooded
keep heat inside, can regulate body temp

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15
Q

ectotherms

A

cold blooded
not able to regulate body temp

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16
Q

torpor

A

way of decreasing energy expenditure by decreasing activity
hibernation - has to occur over long periods

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17
Q

savanna

A
  • grassland with scattered trees
  • africa, south america, northern australia
  • 3.9-15.7 inches (low)
  • plants have elaborate roots systems
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18
Q

temperate forests

A
  • north america, western europe, eastern asia, chile, new zealand
  • 29.5 - 59 inches
  • temp varies
    less diversity of trees than tropical rainforest
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19
Q

arctic tundra

A
  • north of boreal forest
  • 37-52 in summer
  • (-29 average in winter)
  • perma frost ( frozen layer of soul, roots can’t go through)
  • 10-12 wks growing szn, plants grow fast cuz it’s always daylight
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20
Q

abiotic factors

A

non living factors (temp, rain, sunlight)

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21
Q

biotic factors

A

living (plants, animals)

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22
Q

photic zone

A

part of the ocean that light penetrates (200m)

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23
Q

aphotic zone

A

part of ocean where light does not penetrate (4000m)

24
Q

abyssal zone

A

deepest part, no light, some special types of life (10,000m)

25
Q

intertidal zone

A

beach
variable environment bc of tides

26
Q

nertic zone

A

where plants and plankton are
200 meters (continental shelf)
light penetrates

27
Q

pelagic or open ocean zone

A

not benthic
includes most of what we call open waters

28
Q

benthic zone

A

composed of dead organisms and sand
cold but above freezing
where most life is found, rich because of dead organisms

29
Q

asexual reproduction

A
  • offspring are genetically identical
  • harder to adapt cuz there’s no genetic diversity
  • faster and easier reproduction
  • works better in an unchanging environment
30
Q

binary fission

A

organism grows, and after, it splits in two
(sea anemones, coral polyps)

31
Q

budding

A

outgrowth of a part of an animal that separates and becomes another animal

32
Q

fragmentation

A

the breaking of the body into parts with regeneration
- one part is bigger than the other
(starfish)

33
Q

parthenogenesis

A

an egg develops into complete individual w/out fertilization
(mostly reptiles)

34
Q

sexual reproduction

A

reproductive cells (gametes) come together for fertilization
- haploid cells come together to form a diploid
- more genetic diversity, good for adaption, stronger against diseases and malformations
- takes longer/less efficient

35
Q

hermaphroditism

A

one animal has both male and female reproductive systems
(invertebrates, tapeworms, snails)
- can fertilize themselves or be fertilized by a male

36
Q

female sex determination

A

true x chromosomes
- 2 copies of x chromosomes

37
Q

male sex determination

A
  • x and y chromosomes
38
Q

external fertilization

A
  • usually done in the water
  • genetic diversity
  • makes a lot more but they have a lower chance of survival
    can be triggered by water temp or length of daylight
39
Q

internal fertilization

A

usually in land animals
- oviparity
- ovoviparity
- viviparity

40
Q

oviparity

A

egg is fertilized inside, then laid outside, but still needs to develop
(amphibians, birds)

41
Q

oVOviparity

A

egg fertilized inside, and stays inside female
- egg still gets nutrients from yolk
( some sharks, some lizards, some snakes)

42
Q

viviparity

A

THATS US!!!
offspring develop inside female, get nourishment from female, then are born alive
(most mammals, some bony fish)

43
Q

gregor mendel

A

1822-1884
- father of genetics
- proposed continuous variation theory

44
Q

trait

A

variation in the PHYSICAL appearance of a heritable characteristic

45
Q

hybridization

A

mating true breeding organisms with different traits

46
Q

dominant trait

A

traits that are inherited unchanged in hybridization

47
Q

recessive trait

A

trait that is dormant (disappears) in hybridization

48
Q

genotype

A

genetic component of a triat

49
Q

phenotype

A

physical component of a trait

50
Q

homozygous

A

2 dominant or 2 recessive

51
Q

heterozygous

A

1 dominant or 1 recessive

52
Q

allele

A

gene caries 1 copy of the gene

53
Q

incomplete dominance

A

a blend of the dominant and recessive alleles

54
Q

codominance

A

two alleles for the same trait are simultaneously expressed

55
Q

multiple alleles

A

more than 2 alleles that express the same trait

56
Q

x linked traits

A

only present in a x chromosome

57
Q

mendel’s experiment

A

he combined a yellow seeded pea plant and a green seeded pea plant and their offspring were all yellow. but then the then he allowed that second generation to reproduce and some were green, meaning that the green trait had been in there all along but had been hidden.

Nat Phil (1 decks)

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