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African Kingdoms > Songhay fingertip knowledge > Flashcards

Songhay fingertip knowledge Flashcards

1
Q

When did the Ghanaian empire rise?

A

C10

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2
Q

When was the empire of Mali founded and by who?

A
  1. Sunjata Keita
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3
Q

Why did Mali flourish?

A

Trans-saharan gold trade.

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4
Q

What was Djenne the meeting point for?

A

Gold trade

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5
Q

What was Taghaza the meeting point for?

A

Salt trade

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6
Q

When did Mansa Musa do a pilgrimage to Mecca?

A

1321

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7
Q

When did the power of Mali begin to wane and where did power shift to?

A

C15, to Gao

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8
Q

When did Songhay begin to break away from Mali and why?

A

1430s. Because of escape of the Gao princes.

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9
Q

What did the Tuaregs do to weaken Mali and when?

A

They seized control of Timbuktu in 1433-34

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10
Q

What did Sonni Ali’s predecessors do to weaken Mali?

A

Early 1400s Sonni Muhammad Da’o led an expedition vs Mali.
Sonni Madawu sacked Niani.
1460 Sonni Sulayman Dama destroyed Mema.

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11
Q

When did Sonni Ali come into power?

A

1464.

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12
Q

When did Sonni Ali conquer Djenne and after how long?

A
  1. After 7 years, 7 months and 7 days.
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13
Q

When did Sonni Ali conquer Timbuktu?

A

1468.

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14
Q

What are the two quotes relating to Sonni Ali?

A

“Always the conqueror, never the conquered”
“Empire builder”

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15
Q

What dates did the harsh oppression of Muslim scholars (Ulema) occur in?

A

1468-73.

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16
Q

Why did Sonni Ali oppress Ulemas?

A

They supported Tuaregs.

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17
Q

Did Sonni Ali have any ties to Islam?

A

Weak ties. He had indigenous beliefs.

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18
Q

How was the military controlled?

A

Each provincial governor controlled the forces in his own region.

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19
Q

What equipment did soldiers have?

A

Soldiers had breastplates, knives, sabres, lances, bows and arrows.
Elite cavalry and battle canoes.

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20
Q

When did Sonni Ali die?

A

1492.

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21
Q

When did Songhay collape?

A

1591

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22
Q

Who took over after Sonni Ali?

A

Sonni Baru

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23
Q

Who opposed Sonni Baru?

A

Mohammad Toure. Leader of a Muslim faction.

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24
Q

When did Mohammad Toure take leadership of Songhay?

A

2nd April 1493 after the battle of Angao.

25
Q

What name did Mohammad take and what did it symbolise?

A

Askia, symbolised a change in direction and ideology.

26
Q

What had Askia Mohammad’s role been previously in the kingdom?

A

Governor of the Bandiagara province.

27
Q

When did Askia Mohammad take a pilgrimage to Mecca and what was he named?

A
  1. Named Caliph of Western Sudan which confirms his power.
28
Q

Where and when did Askia Mohammad expand Songhay?

A

Agades - 1501 and 1515.
Katsia and Kano - 1514
Borgu 1505-06
Air and Tindirma 1500-1
Kebbi - 1517-18

29
Q

What was Askia Mohammad’s relationship like with the Ulemas?

A

Improved their treatment.

30
Q

When did Askia Dawud rule from?

A

1548-82.

31
Q

What preceded and followed Askia Dawud’s reign?

A

Violent civil strife.

32
Q

How many provinces did Sonni Ali divide Songhay into and who ruled them?

A

8, chiefs who recognised his authority.

33
Q

What did Sonni Ali do in terms of travelling?

A

He travelled around the kingdom often, making himself seen and admired.

34
Q

Where was the central administration of Songhay?

A

Gao

35
Q

What was the sounna?

A

Imperial council of military leaders.

36
Q

What was the role of a farma?

A

Governor

37
Q

What was the role of a Fari-Mondiyo?

A

Overseer of royal estates and taxes. Mohammad also gave them the responsibility of collecting harvest and distributing to the poor.

38
Q

What was the role of a Jenne-Mondiyo?

A

Administrator of Djenne.

39
Q

What was the role of a Yubu-Koi?

A

Chief of the market.

40
Q

What was the role of a Goima-Koi?

A

Harbourmaster.

41
Q

What was the role of a Hi-Koi?

A

Chief of boats.

42
Q

What was the role of a Rabb al-tariq?

A

Commander of foot soldiers.

43
Q

What was the role of a Baray-koi?

A

Commander of cavalry.

44
Q

What further administrative changes did Askia Mohammad introduce?

A

Established the Kanfari- viceroy of western provinces (brother)
Sounna responsible for giving Askia power.
Chancellor to the Askia - diplomatic correspondence and imperial law executer.
Kallisa-Farma - treasurer of Askia.
Korei-Farma - relationships with Arab farmers

45
Q

What form did taxes take in Songhay?

A

Livestock and harvests.

46
Q

Who was taxed in Songhay?

A

Imports from the North.
Taghaza salt imports.
Imports and exports on Niger river.
Markets.

47
Q

What did Askia Mohammad’s relationship with Ulema’s result in?

A

A more literate ruling class.

48
Q

Where was Timbuktu in the Songhay kingdom and why was this important?

A

Center of the kingdom.
East of Gao so well placed to take advantage of growth in trade and resources.

49
Q

What was the governor of Timbuktu called?

A

Timbuktu-Koi. Appointed directly by the Askia. Also had a tax collector and military commander,

50
Q

What was Timbuktu’s strength based on?

A

Key links with Islam and long-distance commerce. Islam was a transnational religion of trade.

51
Q

How many slaves were sent from Songhay to North Africa per year by C15? Why was it necessary?

A

800-1000 yearly.
Necessary to harness the agricultural potential of teh empire, feed troops and supply grain to growing areas.

52
Q

Who defeated Songhay and where?

A

Morocco in 1591 at the battle of Tondibi and Gurma.

53
Q

What happened in the 1530s to destabilise Songhay?

A

A succession crisis with 3 shortlived Askias (Musa, Bonkama and Ismail)

54
Q

Who restored stability to the succession crisis temporarily?

A

Dawud, but it returned after him.

55
Q

When was there a civil war between rival factions?

A

1586-88.

56
Q

Whose rise to power temporarily stopped civil war?

A

Ishaq 2.

57
Q

What did Mulay Ahmed from Morocco ask Ishaq 2 to do? What was the response?

A

Asked for taxes he paid on salt at Taghaza to be lifted. It was denied.

58
Q

When did Mulay Ahmed dispatch an army to Songhay?

A

1590

59
Q

When did the Moroccan army arrive on the banks of the Niger river?

A

February 1591

African Kingdoms (4 decks)

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