Some Parts of the Science Exam Flashcards
Solar nebula theory
According to the nebular theory, the solar system formed from a giant cloud of gas and dust called a nebula. This cloud started to collapse under its own gravity, and as it did, it began to spin faster and flatten out into a disk shape. In the center, the Sun formed, while the material in the disk clumped together to create planets and moons.
Star formation
So first the big bang theory happened which states that all matter started from a single point. Electrons, protons, and neutrons began to combine and hydrogen was the first atom. Gravity pulled this matter together, a nebula was formed of clumped hydrogen atoms. When the star became super large its gravity was strong enough to fuse atoms together with a nuclear fusion and a new element was created called Helium. A massive explosion called a super nova occurred and this sent the elements out into space.
Low mass nebula:
nebula, protostar, red dwarf, white dwarf
Medium mass nebula: nebula, star, red giant, planetary nebula, white dwarf, black dwarf
High mass nebula: Nebula, star, red supergiant, super nova, neutron star, black hole
Description of stars:
Red is cool, blue is hot
Small is planet size
Large is sun size
Proto star: forming star
Red dwarf: small cool star
White dwarf: small dense cooled off star
Red giant: large star near the end of its life
Planetary nebula: dust and gas of dying star with a white dwarf Center
Black star: white dwarf cooled off to the point where it no longer emits heat or light
Neutron star: all atoms have turned into neutrons
Planets
My very educated mother just served us nachos —>
ORDER: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.
Inner solar system: terrestrial rocky planets (before the asteroid belt)
Outer solar system; gas giants (after the belt)
Galaxy types: spiral, elliptical, irregular
Characteristics of each planet:
Mercury: small, closest to the sun
Venus: smaller than earth, second planet from sun, hot
Earth: earth is the only planet with sustainable life
Mars: cold thin atmosphere
Jupiter: biggest planet, has rings
Saturn: has rings
Uranus: very cold and windy
Neptune: dense, freezing
Explain how the periodic table was made by Mendeleev
He wrote the properties of the elements on pieces of cards and he was arranging and rearranging them until he realised that, by putting them in order of increasing atomic weight, certain types of element regularly occurred.
Eco
Photo synthesis : carbon dioxide+ water+energy —> sugar +oxygen
Cellular respiration: sugar+oxygen—> carbon dioxide+ water+ energy
Carbon cycle: ps through sun to tree then arrow to animal breathing then to life death and decay and point arrow down to fossils and fossil fules then to auto and factory emissions that burn fossil and then gas exchange from tree and arrow pointing upwards and back to co2 in the air
Nitrogen cycle: Pond cycle: Remember nitrogen gas, nitrates which are the green plants n algae and animals and food waste, ammonia, nitres, de nitrifying bacteria.
Sustainability means using resources wisely without harming the environment. Energy from biomass is obtained by burning it through combustion or through a process called anaerobic digestion. It’s a renewable energy source that helps reduce our reliance on fossil fuels!
Light year and au shit
Au= astronomical unit
Earths distance to the sun which is 1.581x 10-5 ly
Ly refers to the distance that light took to travel in a year
How to use an ammeter and voltmeter
Ammeater- current
Voltmeter- voltage
What’s a valence
Valence refers to the combining capacity of an atom or molecule. It determines how many other atoms an atom can bond with and the type of bond it can form.
Definitions
Ecosystem- a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment
Niche- their role in the environment
Biome- large region with a certain climate and certain types of living things ex. Savannah, desert, tropical rainforest, marine, freshwater, grassland
Community-a group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common.
Species- a group of the same organisms
Biotic potential- the max # of individuals a species can produce
Limiting factors- anything that constrains a populations size and slows or stops it from growing
Tolerance range- indicates the critical maximum and minimum limits of that abiotic variable that the organism can withstand.
Optimal range- evidence-based ranges that are associated with the lowest risk of disease and mortality
Carrying capacity- a species’ average population size in a particular habitat.
Population density- the number of individuals divided by the size of the area.
Invasive species- plants, animals, insects that are introduced to an area and cause harm to the environment
Biodiversity- variety of life on earth
Eutrophication- Eutrophication happens when water gets polluted with too many nutrients, like nitrogen and phosphorus. This excessive nutrient load leads to the rapid growth of algae and aquatic plants, which can cover the water surface. As a result, sunlight can’t penetrate the water, leading to decreased oxygen levels. This lack of oxygen harms fish and other aquatic organisms, and when the algae die, they further deplete oxygen levels as they decompose. The consequences of eutrophication include reduced water quality, loss of biodiversity, and disruptions to the aquatic ecosystem.
Forestry- taking care of forests like planting and managing wildlife. If they aren’t managed well then it could lead to habitat loss and erosion.
Oil industry- The oil industry gets oil, makes stuff, and has consequences like pollution and climate change. People are finding cleaner energy sources to reduce the bad stuff.
How does a fuse and circuit breaker work
The fuse works as a piece of metal that melts down when overheated. While a circuit breaker works by operating a switching mechanism when an overflow of electricity is detected.
Primary and secondary cells
primary cells are the ones that cannot be charged but secondary cells are the ones that are rechargeable.
Whimis
Flammable
Line fire diamond
Oxidizer
Same thing with an 0
Gas cylinder
Draw a clinynder and a diamond
