Some key arguments for consol Flashcards
Role of leaders/ govt and their ability to manipulate constitutional processes to shore up power base under maximum governments
(I, P, T, B)
Indonesia:
- Opp candidates thrown technical or admin obstacles, C allegations, threats & intimidation
- 1969 New Election Law: Govt directly appoints 22% DPR and 33%MPR which could block any constitutional amendment
- 1971 Opp parties had to either be in PDI (liberal) or PPP (islamic)
Philippines:
- 1973 Rewritten constitution to exercise powers of the President and PM during martial law from 1972-1981
- 1972-78 ruled by referendums on choice of policy and not leaders
- 1978 formation of New Society Movement to be electoral vehicle and won all seats in elections that year
Role of leader’s ties to Military which ensured complete control over bureaucracy (I,P,T)
Indonesia:
- Rewarded loyal and subservient military officers with lucrative economic monopolies & access to oil and forestry concessions
- Entrenches military dependence on him due to the economic benefits annulling / negating any potential military motivations to overthrow him and his rule
eg Ibnu Sutowo, a close military associate, was appointed as the head of the state and given oil company, Pertamina
Philippines
- Marcos’s Protege, Enrile was made secretary and minister of defence during Marcos’ rule
- Magsaysay used the military to assist in the development of the Philippines + co opted them into civilian roles under the civilian government
- role increased to judicial functions, economic development and management of public utilities through a 1973 Presidential Decree for military personnel
- Took a junior partner role during Martial law and served as a replacement for the ineff civilian administration, countering insurgents and controlling media and public utilities
The role of traditional institutions were effective in the consolidation of power (T)
[T]
- friendly with the monarchy by reinstalling many traditional ceremonies and used Bhumibol’s expertise well in leading the country to placate them
The use of legitimate constitutional processes and elections led to the LT support for democratic regimes as it provided genuine political participation (S,M)
[S]
- 1990s: GCT improved the PAP’s electoral majority, which had been steadily declining, by promising a more consultative style of politics and broadening political discourse bounded by OB markers
this opening up of politics helped the government reconnect with the grassroots, and was best suited to the changing environment of the 90s as the PAP gained favour with the maturing electorate (due to rising education levels)
[M]
- Dealing with political challenges democratically
- V Razaleigh as he split off from UMNO claiming that it was illegitimate and had lost its ways
- Contested against UMNO through his own party, Semangat 46 in which UMNO genuinely applied themselves in the elections without heavy-handed tactics and won the snap elections thus bolstering further support as they win elections fairly
The Cold War was effective in the consolidation of power through bolstering political legitimacy (P, V)
- VCP provided stable governance because previously under colonial rule Vietnam was never ruled as a single entity so when the VCP took over as a one-party state it was more stable
- fighting against imperialist would shore up popular support for them
The Cold War was effective in the consolidation of power through the provision of aid (T, I)
[T]
- US investment and aid quadrupled from 20M to 250M in early 1970s
- average annual GDP growth was 8.2% from Sarit to Thanom
- Military governance lasted from 1948-1973 although under different military leaders
[I]
The role of traditional institutions served as a check on govt [P
[P]
- People Power protest
- Frequent persecution of political opps created more enemies + Aquino assassination = elites withdrew support and catholic church was against him
