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somatosensory system Flashcards

1
Q

what neuron type are proprioceptors of skeletal muscle

A 
A alpha (myelinated)
fast
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2
Q

what determines how fast info processed

A

diameter of axons
degree of myelination
synapses in the pathway

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3
Q

what is interoception

A

info from internal organs

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4
Q

what is proprioception

A

info about position and movements of limbs and body in space

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5
Q

what is mechanoreception

A

tactile- touch and pressure

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6
Q

what is a homunculus

A

mapping of skin touch onto cortex

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7
Q

what do pacinian corpuscles detect

A

rapid vibrations

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8
Q

what do Meissner’s corpuscles detect

A

fine, light touch and vibration

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9
Q

what type of neurons are peripheral neurons

A

pseudounipolar

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10
Q

where are somatosensory peripheral neurons found

A

cell bodies of dorsal root ganglia

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11
Q

what fibers are for dull pain, hot temps, and itch

A 
C fibers (unmyelinated)
slowest
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12
Q

what fibers are for fast pain sensations and cold temps

A 
A delta (myelinated)
3rd fastest
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13
Q

what is nociception

A

noxious sensitivity (damaging or potentially damaging)

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14
Q

what neurons type are skin mechanoreceptors

A 
A beta (myelinated)
2nd fastest
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15
Q

what do Merkel’s disks detect

A

sustained pressure

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16
Q

what drug decreases nerve sensitivity

A

pregabalin (lyrica)

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17
Q

what does the immune system (glial cells) do to contribute to pain

A

increase # of synaptic connections and signals around brain/SC

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18
Q

what are some changes that occur due to pain and injury

A

of receptors/NT
altered pain modulation
over sensitive central neurons

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19
Q

what may cause phantom limb pain

A

over activation of dorsal horn neurons

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20
Q

what is a burning sensation after peripheral nerve injury

A

causalgia (sympathetic dystrophy syndrome)

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21
Q

what what is known as enhancement of pain sensation due to tissue damage

A

hyperalgesia

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22
Q

What does enkephalin do in the SC

A

Inhibit type C and A pain fibers at dorsal horn synapse

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23
Q

What does serotonin in the SC do

A

Cause local interneurons to secrete enkephalin

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24
Q

What does raphe magnus do in the analgesia system

A

Sends serotonergic neurons to spinal analgesia system via reticulospinal tract

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25
What is enkephalin
Involved in regulating nociception | Acts as NT (inhibit afferent pain fibers)
26
What does PAG do in analgesia system
Sends enkephalins to raphe nucleus
27
What is the flow of info in the analgesia system
PAG- raphe magnus- SC
28
What are the places chronic pain may terminate
Reticular nucleus Midbrain tectum Periaquaductal gray (PAG)
29
What are polymodal pain receptors
They respond to multiple stimuli due to tissue damage (C fibers)
30
Where does visceral pain stem from
Viscera, not well localized due to free nerve endings
31
Somatic pain is accompanied by
ANS Response: | Sympathetic stimulation= increase HR/vasoconstriction
32
Where does somatic pain stem from
The body: | Skin muscle joints etc.
33
What are the steps for pain processing
Transduction Transmission Perception Modulation
34
What are the levels pain can be modified
Peripheral nociceptors SC Brainstem Cortex
35
What happens during modulation
Pain signals are modified by CNS and PNS centers in the pain pathway
36
What is the 4th step in pain processing
Modulation
37
What areas of the brain are involved in perception
- Primary and secondary somatosensory cortex - posterior multimodal association area - lymbic system
38
What happens during perception
The cortex interprets pain signals | Pain threshold/tolerance
39
What is step 3 of pain processing
Perception
40
During transmission what fibers do signals travel on
``` A delta (short lasting) C fibers (long lasting) ```
41
What happens during transmission
Pain signals travel along afferent pathways from periphery to SC and brain
42
What is step 2 of pain processing
Transmission
43
What happens during transduction
- free nerve endings in periphery are stimulated | - damge may result/ chemical release at injury
44
Step 1 of pain processing
Transduction
45
How does pain sensation reach the anterolateral cell column
1st order neuron (lamina I/II) 2nd order neuron (lamina IV/VI) Decussate @ commissure
46
What is hyperalgesia
Pain increase w duration Damage to nociceptors Peripheral nerves chemical alteration to pathways
47
What is allodynia
Neuropathic pain: hypersensitive to touch
48
What can block pain signals in RAS
analgesic fibers that descend to SC
49
What is the flow of RAS
Upper brainstem reticular core Thalamic intralaminar nuclei Cortex
50
What results from damage to RAS
Coma/schizophrenia
51
What results from a bilateral lesion of thalamic nuclei
Lethargy and somnolent
52
What is the reticular activation system (RAS)
Integral part if the brainstem consciousness system (reticular formation) -alertness, sleep, attention
53
What is the function if the parvocellular nucleus
Regulation of expiration while breathing
54
What is the function of magnocellular nuclei
Regulates motor coordination
55
What is the function if the raphe nuclei
Synthesis of serotonin (mood regulation)
56
What are the 3 columns of the reticular formation
``` Raphe nuclei Magnocellular nuclei (medial RST) Parvocellular nuclei (lateral RST) ```
57
What are some functions of the brainstem
``` Behavior arousal Alertness Consciousness Motor control Pain modulation ```
58
What does the reticular formation do and where is it located
Integrates sensory and cortical info | It runs the length of the brainstem at its core
59
What are the areas of the primary SI
3a 3b 1 2
60
What area recieves info mainly from deep proprioceptive receptors
3a of SI
61
What area receives info mainly from cutaneous receptors
3b and 1 of SI
62
What receives info mainly from receptors for deep pressure
2 of SI
63
What is the role of secondary SII
Memory of sensory input
64
What is the role if primary SI division
Pain localization Intensity Quality Sensory integration
65
What are divisions of somatosensory cortex
Primary (SI) | Secondary (SII)
66
Where do lamina II and III of dorsal horn synapse
Interneurons- 2nd order neurons
67
Lamina II and III of dorsal horn are part of
Indirect pathway of ALS (C fibers)
68
What synapse w laminae II-IV of dorsal horn
Interneurons - motor neurons
69
What connects w I and V lamina of dorsal horn
Direct path of ALS Adelta fibers | Goes to 2nd order neurons
70
Where does pain travel
2nd order and collateral fibers
71
Where do 3rd order neurons CB
Ventral posterior lateral Ventral posterior medial Intralaminar thalamic nuclei
72
Where do 2nd order neurons CB
Dorso-lateral horn of SC go to thalamus
73
What is the pathway of forst oder motor neurons
Enter at SC (dorsal root) Synapse w 2nd order neurons Bifurcate: ascend or descend
74
What do peripheral processes of forst order neurons consist of
A delta and C fibers
75
What are first order neurons
Receptors transmitting nociceptive info containing high threshold endings (pseudounipolar)
76
DCS tract (descending)
Vibration Proprioception Fine touch
77
ALS (ascending)
Pain Temp Crude touch
78
What is found in the ventral horns
Motor neurons that exit the SC to innervate skeletal muscle
79
What is in the dorsal horns
Neurons that receives sensory info and transmit through ascending path to brain
80
What is mainly found in the lateral horns of the spinal cord
Cell bodies of autonomic efferent sympathetic pre-ganglianic neurons
81
What is brown – squard syndrome
Hemisection damage of half the spinal cord
82
How can the DSCT be damaged
Alcohol or drug abuse, vitamin E or 12 deficiency
83
What does the loss of the DCST cause
Loss of non-conscious proprioception and coordination of movements in lower limbs
84
How do axons a sand for the DSCT
Ipsilaterally to enter the cerebellum through the inferior cerebellar peduncle
85
Where do fibers originate for the DSCT
Cells of Clarks column at the base of the posterior horn
86
What does the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT) convey
Proprioceptive info from proprioceptor‘s in joints skeletal muscles to cerebellum
87
What is sensory ataxia
The individual will have better balance when their eyes are open but will be unsteady with eyes closed
88
What is cerebellar ataxia
Difficulty maintaining balance regardless of eyes being open or closed
89
What indicates a positive Romberg test
PT cannot maintain a vertical position due to the loss of sense of the floor under feet
90
What is agraphesthesia
PT cannot recognize, by Touch, a number or letter drawn in the palm of the hand
91
What is astereognosis
PT cannot recognize an object by its shape and weight using touch alone
92
What is fasciculi
A bundle of nerve fibers that gather sensory info from the periphera via skin and joint
93
Where do the PCML – DCML project to
The postcentral gyrus
94
What is the median lemniscus
It runs as a continuation of the dorsal column from the medulla to the cortex
95
What is the dorsal posterior column
It runs from the spinal cord to the medulla
96
What makes up the PCML
Dorsal posterior column | Medial lemniscus
97
What does the posterior column medial lemniscus pathway process
Sensation of fine touch, vibration, two-point discrimination, proprioception from skin and joints
98
What is unconscious proprioception
Dorsal spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracks to the cerebellum
99
What is conscious proprioception
Posterior column medial lemniscus pathway to cerebral cortex
100
What are the types of proprioception
Conscious and unconscious
101
What do free nerve endings respond to
Inflammation
102
What do you ligament receptors respond to
Tension
103
What do paciniform corpuscles respond to
Movement
104
What do Ruffini’s endings respond to
Extremes of joint range and respond more to passive than active movements
105
What are cutaneous receptors for pain and temperature
Free nerve endings Adelta and C afferents
106
Where are Pacinian corpuscles found
Dermis of hand, feet, and nipples Low threshold Single axonal process surrounded by a capsule
107
Where are Merkel’s discs found
Lips, extremities, genitalia are low threshold
108
Where are Meissner’s corpuscles found
In fingers, hands, and feet are low threshold high sensitivity
109
What are exteroreceptors
They collect stimuli to the integumentary system in oral mucosa
110
What are phasic receptors
Rapidly adapting, adopt to a constant stimuli and the stop responding important for sensing movement of an object across skin 
111
What are tonic receptors
Slowly adapting, respond as long as stimuli is maintained
112
Where are baroreceptors located
Carotid sinus and aorta
113
Ruffini corpuscles
Detect tension deep in skin, connective tissue, or fascia

Neuroplasticity (2 decks)

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