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Neuroscience Exam 2 > (Somatosensory 1 & 2) > Flashcards

(Somatosensory 1 & 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Match the following Amine/Amino Acids with their respective Neuropeptides:

Amino acids:
a. Dopamine
b. Norepinephrine
c. Epinephrine
d. Serotonin
e. Acetylcholine
f. GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)

Neuropeptides:
a. Cholecystokinin (CCK)
b. Somatostatin
c. Neurotensin
d. Motilin
e. Enkephalin
f. Substance P

A

Dopamine- Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Norepinephrine- Enkephalin

Epinephrine- Neurotensin

Serotonin- Substance P

Acetylcholine- Somatostatin

GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)- Motilin

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2
Q

Substrate of Pain 1

A
  • Periacqueductal Gray (PAG)
  • Locus Coeruleus
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3
Q

Match the following descriptions with Substrates of Pain 1:

  1. Substance P: 11 amino acids and co-released with _____.
  2. Contains norepinephrine somas and projects to the dorsal horn.
A
  1. Periacqueductal Gray (PAG)
  2. Locus Coeruleus
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4
Q

Which of the following is NOT a disclaimer for pain?

a. Bio-psycho-social condition
b. Important for survival and involves networks of brain areas.
c. Mediated by centralized groups of axons, each in specific brain areas.
d. Mediated by localized groups of neurons, each with specific neurochemicals.

A

C. Mediated by centralized groups of axons, each in specific brain areas.

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5
Q

Substrates of Pain 2
An endogenous opioid peptide that binds to opioid receptors. Is metabotropic.

A

Enkephalins

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6
Q

Widely distributed in the brain (PAG, striatum, thalamus, locus coerleus) & dorsal horn of spinal cord. Is the main receptor.

A

mu (u)

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7
Q

Histological technique to quantify receptor distribution.

A

Autoradiography

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8
Q

Which of the following opioid receptors have distributions that are more restricted compared to mu, and is redundant to mu? Select all the apply.
a. Delta (δ)
b. Kappa
c. Nociceptin opioid receptor (NOR-R)
d. mu

A

Delta (δ)
Kappa
NOR-R

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9
Q

Painful stimuli stimulates specialized receptors called what?

A

Nociceptors

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10
Q

What are nociceptors?

A

They are free nerve endings, and there are 3 different types

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11
Q

Match the following description of the types of nociceptors with there correct functional properties:

a. Activated by mechanical stimuli (e.g., sharp pricking); b. Activated by stimuli that cause slow, burning pain; and c. Activated by mechanical stimuli as well as temperature (e.g., hot or cold burning sensation).

A. Polymodal nociceptors
B. Mechanical nociceptors
C. Thermal & Mechanothermal nociceptors

A

a. Mechanical Nociceptors (Fiber group Aδ)
b. Thermal & Mechanothermal nociceptors (Fiber group Aδ)
c. Polymodal nociceptors (Fiber group C)

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12
Q

Where are cell bodies of sensory neurons that mediate pain located?

A

Dorsal root ganglia (first order neurons) to the body

Trigeminal Ganglia: Face

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13
Q

Describe the ascending nociceptive pathway for early pain.

A

Early Pain (Aδ)
1. Nociceptin to dorsal horn
2. cross, ascend to thalamus
3. Primary & Secondary somatosenroo cortex

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14
Q

Differentiate between S1 and S2.

A

S1: Primary somatosensory cortex (function is pain representation and is contralateral)

S2: Secondary somatosensory cortex (function is pain recognition and is bilateral)

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15
Q

Late pain (C fibers)
1. nociceptor to dorsal horn
2. cross, ascend to thalamus (VPL)
3. Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) for emotional component of pain

A

ascending nociceptive pathway for late pain.

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16
Q

Pain arising from deep visceral structures which are felt at sites surrounding the body (the surface)

A

Referred pain

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17
Q

When a limb is amputated, some patients will experience the sensation of pain from where that limb was.

A

Phantom Limb Pain

18
Q

T/F
Over activity of the dorsal horn neurons on the side of the amputated limb cause the phantom limb pain

A

True

19
Q

What is the treatment for phantom limb pain?

A

Mirror Therapy

20
Q

Increased pain sensitization from patients on chronic opioid therapy

A

Opioid-induced hyperalgesia

21
Q

What is the treatment for Opioid-induced hyperalgesia?

A

Switch the treatment from opioid to ketamine

22
Q

Pain caused by overuse of medications (triptans, caffeine, opioids)

A

Medication Overuse Headache

23
Q

What is the treatment for Medication Overuse Headache?

A

Discontinue the usage medications

24
Q

T/F
Acupuncture works better than the control, and is proven to be useful in pain control for patients with back pain

A

False

25
Q

T/F
Therapeutic touch works better than the control?

A

False

26
Q

Begin Somatosensory 2

A
27
Q

What is the #1 cause of neurological disability?

A

Headache

28
Q

What type of headache is most common (60%), bilateral “head-band” discomfort, with negative associated symptoms?

A

Tension Type Headache

29
Q

What kind of headache is common (10%) and triggers often and is usually unilateral. Associated symptoms include photophobia (sensitivity to light, sound, or movement)?

A

Migraines

30
Q

What type of headache is infrequent (0.1%) and most painful. It comes with intense pain often at the same time each day, has unilateral parasympathetic activation (red eye, tearing, rhinorrhea, ptosis) on the same side?

A

Cluster Type Headache

31
Q

Which of the following are Migraine Associated Symptoms?
A. Photophobia
B. Aura
C. photopsia
D. Hemiplegic aura
E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

32
Q

What are the top 3 symptoms among severe migraine attacks?

A

Nausea (87%)
Photophobia (82%)
lightheadedness (72%)

33
Q

Which of the following is not a correct pathophysiology disclaimer for migraines?
A. Many mechanistic research tools for animals, few for humans
B. Limited animal models
C. Scientific information changes
D. Chronic migraine <15 days/month over 3 months

A

D.
- Chronic migraines are greater than or equal to 15 days/month

34
Q

For the pathophysiology of headaches, what type of model matches the following description?
- Consistent
a. Older drugs were believed to have vasoconstrictive properties
b. Newer drugs developed based on this rationale
c. Fits with pain localization

-Inconsistent
a. Pulsation (throbbing) frequency
b. Nonvasoconstrictive drugs (aspirin)
c. Neuroimaging (fMRI, PET, evoked potentials)

A

Vascular model (OLD)

35
Q

For the pathophysiology of headaches, what type of model matches the following description
-Trigeminovascular Model:
1: neurons in meningeal vessels project via trigeminal to brainstem (TCC: trigeminocervical cervical complex)
2: TCC, cross & ascend to thalamus
3: thalamus to somatosensory cortex
a. Descending Control: dorsal raphe, raphe magnus, locus coerleus
b. 5-HT1B/1D receptors are in brainstem

A

Pathophysiology of Migraine (NEW)

36
Q

What is the wave of activity in the brain that is followed by inhibition and corresponds to aura?

A

Cortical Spreading Depolarization

37
Q

Match Receptor to its Function:

Receptor- Meissner’s corpuscle (glabrous)

A

Function: slow frequency vibration ( <100Hz)

38
Q

Receptor- Pacinian corpuscle (glabrous & hairy)

A

Function: High frequency vibrations (>100Hz)

39
Q

Receptor- Merkel’s receptor (glabrous & hairy)

A

Function: pressure

40
Q

Receptor- Golgi tendon organ & muscle spindles

A

Function: limb proprioception

Neuroscience Exam 2 (5 decks)

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