Solutions -- Part 3 Flashcards
name 2 devices used for the proper administration of liquid peroral dosage forms and state which is preferred
spoon – teaspoon or tablespoon
calibrated devices (preferred)
liquid peroral solutions should be taken with……
a glass of water, even though the drug is already in solution. increases dissolution rate
explain why a pharmacist should be careful with the selection of liquid peroral drugs based on facts about the patient.
diabetic patients need to limit their sugar intake
SPRAYS can be ___ or ____ solutions
aqueous or oleaginous (oily)
give the definition of sprays
AQUEOUS or OLEAGINOUS solutions in the form of coarse droplets or finely divided solids to be applied topically (usually to the nasal-pharyngeal tract or the skin)
do sprays give systemic effects?
no – they dont’t reach systemic circulation. only give local effects
what is the usual vehicle for lotions, creams, and pastes? Name the components of this vehicle
BURROW’S SOLUTION (aka Aluminum Acetate Topical Solution)
contains:
Aluminum Acetate Topical Solution
Glacial Acetic Acid
Purified Water
name the KNOWN INCOMPATABILITIES of Burrow’s Solution and explain why they are incompatible
alkalis (aka bases)
carbonates (CO23-)
borax (product = Sodium Borate, NF)
these are incompatible in Burrow’s solution because in the presence of these bases or basic salts, Burrow’s solution will undergo hydrolysis. (ACID BASE REACTION DUE TO THE GLACIAL ACETIC ACID)The bases will precipitate out and a solution will not be made
A small (<_____%) of _____ is added to Burrow’s Solution to retard (delay) hydrolysis
<6% of boric acid
name 3 uses for Burrow’s Solution
- An astringent (shrinks tissues and stops blood from coming out) — used as a wet dressing AFTER DILUTION with 10-40 parts of water
- Used for Swimmer’s Ear as a 2% solution
- Ingredient in various dermatological preparations (lotions, creams, pastes)
how is Aluminum Acetate Topical Solution (Burrow’s Solution) available commercially?
available in pre measured tablets and packets of powder
How is Aluminum Acetate Topical Solution (Burrow’s solution) preserved?
in tight containers
what is “Burrow’s Modified solution” and what is it used for?
Aluminum Subacetate Topical Solution
used as a wet dressing ANTISEPTIC and antistringent.
contains Aluminum Sulfate, Acetic Acid, and precipitated Calcium Carbonate
—-microorganisms can’t survive in acidic environment
what is “lime water”?
Calcium Hydroxide Topical Solution
Explain what Calcium Hydroxide Topical Solution is, its usage, and its storage
“lime water”
saturated solution of calcium hydroxide in purified water
imp– solubility of calcium hydroxide varies with temperature (solubility decreases with increasing temperature)
used TOPICALLY as a protective (astringent) as a component in various lotions
preserved in well-filled, tight containers at a temperature NOT ABOVE 25 degree celsius
explain the components, use, and common names of Coal Tar Topical Solution
components:
Coal Tar
Polysorbate 80 (SURFACTANT)
QS Alcohol (lot of alcohol)
used in external treatment of variety of chronic skin conditions, or in combo with other agents in various lotions, ointments, or solutions
synonyms: LCD (liquor carbonis detergens) and LPC (liquor picis carbonis)
name the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in Hydrogen Peroxide Topical Solution
2.5-3.5%w/v hydrogen peroxide
Is a preservative needed for Hydrogen Peroxide Topical Solution?
Explain
YES
hydrogen peroxide deteriorates upon long standing, forming oxygen and water. Decomposition is enhanced by light and heat
Preservative agents retard (delay) decomposition
example: Acetanilide
____ is a suitable preservative for Hydrogen Peroxide Topical Solution.
its concentration cannot be more than ____%
Acetanilide
0.05%
The decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide Topical Solution is enhanced by heat and light.
What is a solution to this problem?
preserved in tight, light-resistant containers, preferably not at a temp exceeding 35 degree celsius
explain the uses of Hydrogen Peroxide Topical Solution and how it accomplishes this
uses:
local anti-infective for topical use on the skin and mucous membrane.
microorganisms dont grow in oxygen. Hydrogen peroxide works by mechanical action through effervescence (bubbling/fizzing) and frothing caused by the RELEASE of oxygen.
this creates a germicidal property.
However, this makes it painful when applied
what solution is a broad spectrum antiseptic, used as a surgical scrub/hand wash, and for preoperative preparation of the surgeon and patient?
Chlorhexidine Gluconate Solution
Chlorhexidine Gluconate is a ___ ___ antiseptic, meaning what?
broad spectrum – bactericidal to both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
besides being a broad spectrum antiseptic for preoperative uses, what else is Chlorhexidine Gluconate Solution used for?
for skin wounds, as a mouth rinse, and as anti-gingivitis
superficial skin infections, burns, acne vulgaris, irrigation of wounds and surgical infections
used in the hospital nursery to bathe newborns for prevention against staphylococcal and streptococcal infectins
true or false
When Chlorhexidine Gluconate Solution is used as a mouth rinse, it causes a yellow-brown staining of the tongue
true
what are the directions when Chlorhexidine Gluconate Solution is used as a mouth rinse?
15 mL undiluted 2x a day
What is Povidone-Iodine Topical solution used for? explain thoroughly.
Also state the components of this solution
used to replace hydrogen peroxide and iodine. hydrogen peroxide causes burning and iodine causes staining. – Povidone-Iodine does neither
used as a antiseptic – prevention and treatment of surface infection, de-germ the skin prior to injection, for seborrhea, disinfections of wounds, burns, lacerations, abrasions. for pre and post operative scrubbing
contains the chemical complex Povidone-Iodine and MAY contain a small amt of alcohol for solubility
explain exactly how Povidone-Iodine Topical Solution works
When applied to the skin, iodine is released slowly from the Povidone-Iodine complex.
Kills gram positive and gram negative bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, and yeast
Povidone-Iodine Topical Solution is marketed by ___ under the brand name ____
Purdue/Frederick under the trade name BETADINE
Those allergic to mercurial compounds should be careful using this topical solution:
Thimerosal Topical Solution
Describe the properties and uses for Thimerosal Topical Solution
WATER SOLUBLE, organic MERCURIAL compound.
used as an antibacterial agent (mild fungistatic properties), and an antiseptic.
MAINLY used as a preservative for many pharmaceutical preparations
Thimerosal Topical Solution is ____% thimerosal and is commercially available as ____
0.1% thimerosal, Merthiolate
Name 3 kinds of vaginal and rectal solutions
-vaginal douches
-retention enemas
-evacuation enemas
what are vaginal douches used for
irrigation cleansing of the vagina
what do retention enemas do
minimize undesirable GI reactions associated with oral therapy
name the components of Iodine Tinctures. INCLUDE THE QUANTITY
Iodine 2g
Sodium Iodine 2.4g
Alcohol 50mL
Water to make 100mL
(equal volumes of water and alcohol)
explain why sodium iodide is included in the Iodine Tincture formula and, as a recap, state the names and quantities of all the components of the iodine tincture
Iodine 2g
Sodium Iodine 2.4g
Alcohol 50mL
Water to make 100mL
sodium iodide reacts with iodine to produce sodium triiodide (NaI3).
sodium triiodide is useful in 2 ways:
-prevents the interaction between iodine and alcohol, which would result in the formation of ethyl iodide, and loss of antibacterial activity of the tincture
-sodium triiodide has good water solubility (useful when diluted with water to make 100mL
State the solubility of Iodine in alcohol
21g per 100mL
what % of iodine is needed in order for therapeutic effects to exist?
2% iodine
what is the function of iodine tincture
anti-infective applied to the skin as a general household first aid. Reddish-brown color produces a stain on the skin
TIGHT CONTAINER to prevent loss of alcohol
name 3 tinctures
Iodine Tincture
Compound Benzoin Tincture
Thimerosal Tincture
name the components and usage of Compound Benzoin Tincture
contains 10% benzoin and lesser amounts of aloe, storax, and tolu balsam
used as a PROTECTANT – protects and toughens skin in treatment of ulcers and cracked lips
name some disadvantage(s) of Compound Benzoin Tincture
can be systematically absorbed and cause neuropathies (pain from nerve damage)
-teratogenic (causes birth defects)
explain the components, usage, and storage of Thimerosal Tincture
mercurial compound
-composed of water, acetone, and 50% alcohol
used as an anti-infective and MAINLY as a preservative
Stored in GLASS CONTAINERS bc metals cause decomposition of the product
what color is Thimerosal Tincture
orange-red and stains the skin a reddish color
What are “topical oral solutions”?
dental solution
name 6 topical oral (dental) solutions
- Camphorated parachlorophenol
- Carbamide peroxide topical solution
- Cetylpyridinnium chloride solution
- Eryhtosine sodium topical solution
- Eugenol
- Sodium fluoride oral solution
name the components and usage of camphorated parachlorophenol
dental anti-infective
contains camphor 65% and parachlorophenol 35%
camphor has a ____ odor and taste
minty
which dental solution is a dental anti-infective that releases bubbling oxygen?
Carbamide peroxide topical solution
Name the properties of Carbamide peroxide topical solution
dental anti-infective, chemomechanical cleansing and debriding agent, releases bubbling oxygen
Which dental solution is a freshening mouth cleanser? is it an anti-infective?
Cetylpridinnium chloride sodium
local anti-infective
which dental solution is a diagnostic aid? also explain how it is a diagnostic aid
Erythrosine sodium topical solution
it is applied to the teeth and reveals plaque left by inadequate brushing
What is Eugenol?
a dental analgesic solution. it is an HERB. aromatic odor of herb and has a spicy taste
What dental solution is prophylactic against cavities?
Sodium fluoride oral solution
name 3 MISCALLANEOUS solutions
-aromatic waters
-diluted acids
-spirits
explain what aromatic waters are
saturated AQUEOUS solutions of volatile oils or of other aromatic or volatile substances
What are aromatic waters used for and how are they stored?
used as:
- pleasantly flavored vehicle for a water-soluble drug
OR - As the aqueous phase in an emulsion or suspension
stored in tight, light-resistant bottles to reduce volatilization (evaporation – remember, aromatic waters are saturated with volatile oils or other aromatic or volatile substances) and degradation from sunlight
What are diluted acids?
aqueous solutions that are prepared by diluting CONCENTRATED ACIDS with PURIFIED WATER.
Diluted acids are always ____%__/__, WITH THE EXCEPTION OF WHAT
10%w/v
WITH THE EXCEPTION OF ACETIC ACID WHICH IS 6%w/v
CONCENTRATED acids are expressed in %___/___
DILUTED acids are expressed in %__/___
CONCENTRATED – %w/w
DILUTED – %w/v
what is the %w/w of concentrated HCl?
what is the %w/v of diluted HCl?
concentrated HCl – 35-38% w/w (avg = 36.5)
diluted HCl = 10%w/v (REMEMBER: diluted acids are always 10% w/v with the exception of acetic acid)
What are spirits?
alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of volatile substances, containing 50-90% alcohol
because spirits have such a high alcoholic content…..
they can maintain water-insoluble oils in solution
what are the 2 types of spirits? give example(s) of each
Medicinal Spirits
-ex: aromatic ammonia spirit
Nonmedicinal spirits:
-compound orange spirit
-compound cardamom spirit
are spirits given to the patient?
NO - they require dilution
how are spirits stored and why
in tight containers to reduce loss by evaporation (very high alcohol content)
name the NONAQUEOUS solutions
liniments and collodions
name 3 collodions
Collodion and Flexible collodion – no therapeutic effect
salicylic acid collodion – therapeutic effect
what are liniments?
alcoholic or oleaginous solutions OR emulsions of various medicinal substances intended for external application to the skin (generally w rubbing)
can liniments be emulsions?
yes
the vehicle in a liniment is selected based on…
the type of action needed
ex: alcoholic or hydroalcoholic is useful when penetrating, rubefacient, or conterirritant is desired
oleaginous – when massage is desired
what are liniments used for?
pain relief, muscle aches, neuroglia, rheumatism, arthritis, sprains
give examples of liniments (5)
Icy Hot, Aspercream, Bnegay, Myoflex, Vicks
is bengay an emulsion or solution?
emulsion
Explain what collidions (dosage form – not product) are
liquids composed of pyroxylin dissolved in a solvent mixture. the solvent mixture is usually alcohol and/or ether
do collodions always contain medicinal substances?
not always – may or may not
what are the applicators for collodions? does it matter the applicator?
yes they need a suitable applicator
-fine camel’s hair brush or glass applicator
what can you say about the flammability of collodions
VERY flammable. it is pyroxylin dissolved in a solvent mixture composed of ALCOHOL AND/OR ETHER
explain how collodions work
when applied to the skin with a suitable applicator (fine camel’s hair brush or glass applicator), the solvent readily evaporates, leaving a filmy residue of pyroxylin that provides an occlusive protective coating to the skin
when the collodion is MEDICATED, it leaves a thin layer of that medication firmly placed against the skin
COLLODIONS MUST BE APPLIED TO DRY TISSUES FOR PROPER ADHESION
what dosage form MUST be clearly labeled with “for external use only”
collodions
in what temp should collodions be stored?
not above 30 degrees celsius and remote from fire
why are collodions not washed away?
it is organic.
name the components and storage of Collodion, USP
Pyroxylin
Ether
Alcohol
ether and alcohol are the solvents
HIGHLY FLAMMABLE, preserved in tight containers and at temp not above 30 degree celsius. away from fire
name the components of flexible collodion and WHY they are included in the formulation
2% camphor – makes Flexible Collodion waterproof
3% castor oil – makes it flexible. permits comfortable use of collodion over skin areas moved often ie: fingers, toes, elbows
ALL DISSOLVED IN COLLODION, USP – therefore, it has similar properties – highly flammable, temp not above 30 degrees celsius, tight containers
where is flexible collodion applied and why?
as mentioned — areas of the skin that move a lot due to products flexibility
but also used by physicians. applied over bandages or stitched incisions to make them water-proof and protected
explain the components of Salicylic Acid Collodion
10% solution of salicylic acid IN Flexible Collodion, USP
What is the use of Salicylic Acid Collodion
used for keratolytic effects – removal of corns
name 2 salicylic acid collodion commercial products
Compound W and Freezone (Dr. Scholl’s preparation)
when a patient is purchasing salicylic acid collodion, what should you counsel them on?
-this product is flammable and irritating to the skin
-add petrolatum around the wart and then add the product dropwise to help avoid irritation
What are the 2 methods of drug extraction?
maceration and percolation
in most extraction methods, the crude drug is extracted from which tissues?
animal tissue and brain tissue
what are crude drugs?
the drugs we get from extraction
what is the menstruum?
solvent/medium used to carry out the extraction procedure
what is the most popular menstruum?
diluted alcohol
what is Marc?
residue from the extraction. thrown away
explain what Maceration is
extraction process in which plant tissue soaks in the menstruum until the cellular structure is softened and penetrated by the menstruum and the soluble, active constituents are dissolved.
explain what percolation is
extraction method in which the extractive is separated from marc
method of simple syrup preparation
drug in menstruum =_____
extractive
explain what fluidextracts are. They are prepared by which extraction process?
prepared by percolation so that each (1) mL contains 1g of the therapeutic constituents of the standard drug involved
fluidextracts are LIQUID extracts of vegetable drugs containing ALCOHOL as a solvent, preservative, or both
are fluidextracts by themselves used for self administration?
NO - too potent (1g in 1mL)
they are modified by the addition of flavoring or sweetening agents.
used in COMPOUNDING - not administration
do fluidextracts need preservative?
NO!! contains diluted alcohol. ends up being ~49% which is far greater than the 18% needed
fluid extracts and extracts are _____ ____
DOSAGE FORMS
Which is more stable and has a longer shelf life – fluidextracts or extracts?
extracts
what is the concentration of the drug in an extract?
we dont know – have to do assay
how many forms of extracts are there? name them
3:
semiliquid extracts
pilular or solid extracts
powdered extracts
semiliquid is least cost. however, also least stable
what are extracts and how are they obtained?
extracts are obtained by the evaporation of all or nearly all of the solvent (aka menstruum). they are concentration preparations of crude drugs to obtain the ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS
also very potent, like fluidextracts
