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Pharmaceutics Exam 2 > Solutions -- Part 3 > Flashcards

Solutions -- Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

name 2 devices used for the proper administration of liquid peroral dosage forms and state which is preferred

A

spoon – teaspoon or tablespoon

calibrated devices (preferred)

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2
Q

liquid peroral solutions should be taken with……

A

a glass of water, even though the drug is already in solution. increases dissolution rate

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3
Q

explain why a pharmacist should be careful with the selection of liquid peroral drugs based on facts about the patient.

A

diabetic patients need to limit their sugar intake

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4
Q

SPRAYS can be ___ or ____ solutions

A

aqueous or oleaginous (oily)

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5
Q

give the definition of sprays

A

AQUEOUS or OLEAGINOUS solutions in the form of coarse droplets or finely divided solids to be applied topically (usually to the nasal-pharyngeal tract or the skin)

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6
Q

do sprays give systemic effects?

A

no – they dont’t reach systemic circulation. only give local effects

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7
Q

what is the usual vehicle for lotions, creams, and pastes? Name the components of this vehicle

A

BURROW’S SOLUTION (aka Aluminum Acetate Topical Solution)

contains:

Aluminum Acetate Topical Solution
Glacial Acetic Acid
Purified Water

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8
Q

name the KNOWN INCOMPATABILITIES of Burrow’s Solution and explain why they are incompatible

A

alkalis (aka bases)
carbonates (CO23-)
borax (product = Sodium Borate, NF)

these are incompatible in Burrow’s solution because in the presence of these bases or basic salts, Burrow’s solution will undergo hydrolysis. (ACID BASE REACTION DUE TO THE GLACIAL ACETIC ACID)The bases will precipitate out and a solution will not be made

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9
Q

A small (<_____%) of _____ is added to Burrow’s Solution to retard (delay) hydrolysis

A

<6% of boric acid

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10
Q

name 3 uses for Burrow’s Solution

A
  1. An astringent (shrinks tissues and stops blood from coming out) — used as a wet dressing AFTER DILUTION with 10-40 parts of water
  2. Used for Swimmer’s Ear as a 2% solution
  3. Ingredient in various dermatological preparations (lotions, creams, pastes)
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11
Q

how is Aluminum Acetate Topical Solution (Burrow’s Solution) available commercially?

A

available in pre measured tablets and packets of powder

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12
Q

How is Aluminum Acetate Topical Solution (Burrow’s solution) preserved?

A

in tight containers

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13
Q

what is “Burrow’s Modified solution” and what is it used for?

A

Aluminum Subacetate Topical Solution

used as a wet dressing ANTISEPTIC and antistringent.

contains Aluminum Sulfate, Acetic Acid, and precipitated Calcium Carbonate

—-microorganisms can’t survive in acidic environment

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14
Q

what is “lime water”?

A

Calcium Hydroxide Topical Solution

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15
Q

Explain what Calcium Hydroxide Topical Solution is, its usage, and its storage

A

“lime water”

saturated solution of calcium hydroxide in purified water

imp– solubility of calcium hydroxide varies with temperature (solubility decreases with increasing temperature)

used TOPICALLY as a protective (astringent) as a component in various lotions

preserved in well-filled, tight containers at a temperature NOT ABOVE 25 degree celsius

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16
Q

explain the components, use, and common names of Coal Tar Topical Solution

A

components:

Coal Tar
Polysorbate 80 (SURFACTANT)
QS Alcohol (lot of alcohol)

used in external treatment of variety of chronic skin conditions, or in combo with other agents in various lotions, ointments, or solutions

synonyms: LCD (liquor carbonis detergens) and LPC (liquor picis carbonis)

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17
Q

name the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in Hydrogen Peroxide Topical Solution

A

2.5-3.5%w/v hydrogen peroxide

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18
Q

Is a preservative needed for Hydrogen Peroxide Topical Solution?
Explain

A

YES

hydrogen peroxide deteriorates upon long standing, forming oxygen and water. Decomposition is enhanced by light and heat

Preservative agents retard (delay) decomposition
example: Acetanilide

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19
Q

____ is a suitable preservative for Hydrogen Peroxide Topical Solution.

its concentration cannot be more than ____%

A

Acetanilide
0.05%

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20
Q

The decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide Topical Solution is enhanced by heat and light.

What is a solution to this problem?

A

preserved in tight, light-resistant containers, preferably not at a temp exceeding 35 degree celsius

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21
Q

explain the uses of Hydrogen Peroxide Topical Solution and how it accomplishes this

A

uses:

local anti-infective for topical use on the skin and mucous membrane.

microorganisms dont grow in oxygen. Hydrogen peroxide works by mechanical action through effervescence (bubbling/fizzing) and frothing caused by the RELEASE of oxygen.

this creates a germicidal property.
However, this makes it painful when applied

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22
Q

what solution is a broad spectrum antiseptic, used as a surgical scrub/hand wash, and for preoperative preparation of the surgeon and patient?

A

Chlorhexidine Gluconate Solution

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23
Q

Chlorhexidine Gluconate is a ___ ___ antiseptic, meaning what?

A

broad spectrum – bactericidal to both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

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24
Q

besides being a broad spectrum antiseptic for preoperative uses, what else is Chlorhexidine Gluconate Solution used for?

A

for skin wounds, as a mouth rinse, and as anti-gingivitis

superficial skin infections, burns, acne vulgaris, irrigation of wounds and surgical infections

used in the hospital nursery to bathe newborns for prevention against staphylococcal and streptococcal infectins

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25
Q

true or false

When Chlorhexidine Gluconate Solution is used as a mouth rinse, it causes a yellow-brown staining of the tongue

A

true

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26
Q

what are the directions when Chlorhexidine Gluconate Solution is used as a mouth rinse?

A

15 mL undiluted 2x a day

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27
Q

What is Povidone-Iodine Topical solution used for? explain thoroughly.
Also state the components of this solution

A

used to replace hydrogen peroxide and iodine. hydrogen peroxide causes burning and iodine causes staining. – Povidone-Iodine does neither

used as a antiseptic – prevention and treatment of surface infection, de-germ the skin prior to injection, for seborrhea, disinfections of wounds, burns, lacerations, abrasions. for pre and post operative scrubbing

contains the chemical complex Povidone-Iodine and MAY contain a small amt of alcohol for solubility

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28
Q

explain exactly how Povidone-Iodine Topical Solution works

A

When applied to the skin, iodine is released slowly from the Povidone-Iodine complex.
Kills gram positive and gram negative bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, and yeast

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29
Q

Povidone-Iodine Topical Solution is marketed by ___ under the brand name ____

A

Purdue/Frederick under the trade name BETADINE

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30
Q

Those allergic to mercurial compounds should be careful using this topical solution:

A

Thimerosal Topical Solution

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31
Q

Describe the properties and uses for Thimerosal Topical Solution

A

WATER SOLUBLE, organic MERCURIAL compound.

used as an antibacterial agent (mild fungistatic properties), and an antiseptic.
MAINLY used as a preservative for many pharmaceutical preparations

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32
Q

Thimerosal Topical Solution is ____% thimerosal and is commercially available as ____

A

0.1% thimerosal, Merthiolate

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33
Q

Name 3 kinds of vaginal and rectal solutions

A

-vaginal douches
-retention enemas
-evacuation enemas

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34
Q

what are vaginal douches used for

A

irrigation cleansing of the vagina

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35
Q

what do retention enemas do

A

minimize undesirable GI reactions associated with oral therapy

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36
Q

name the components of Iodine Tinctures. INCLUDE THE QUANTITY

A

Iodine 2g
Sodium Iodine 2.4g
Alcohol 50mL
Water to make 100mL

(equal volumes of water and alcohol)

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37
Q

explain why sodium iodide is included in the Iodine Tincture formula and, as a recap, state the names and quantities of all the components of the iodine tincture

A

Iodine 2g
Sodium Iodine 2.4g
Alcohol 50mL
Water to make 100mL

sodium iodide reacts with iodine to produce sodium triiodide (NaI3).

sodium triiodide is useful in 2 ways:

-prevents the interaction between iodine and alcohol, which would result in the formation of ethyl iodide, and loss of antibacterial activity of the tincture

-sodium triiodide has good water solubility (useful when diluted with water to make 100mL

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38
Q

State the solubility of Iodine in alcohol

A

21g per 100mL

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39
Q

what % of iodine is needed in order for therapeutic effects to exist?

A

2% iodine

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40
Q

what is the function of iodine tincture

A

anti-infective applied to the skin as a general household first aid. Reddish-brown color produces a stain on the skin

TIGHT CONTAINER to prevent loss of alcohol

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41
Q
A
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41
Q

name 3 tinctures

A

Iodine Tincture
Compound Benzoin Tincture
Thimerosal Tincture

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42
Q

name the components and usage of Compound Benzoin Tincture

A

contains 10% benzoin and lesser amounts of aloe, storax, and tolu balsam

used as a PROTECTANT – protects and toughens skin in treatment of ulcers and cracked lips

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43
Q

name some disadvantage(s) of Compound Benzoin Tincture

A

can be systematically absorbed and cause neuropathies (pain from nerve damage)

-teratogenic (causes birth defects)

44
Q

explain the components, usage, and storage of Thimerosal Tincture

A

mercurial compound
-composed of water, acetone, and 50% alcohol

used as an anti-infective and MAINLY as a preservative

Stored in GLASS CONTAINERS bc metals cause decomposition of the product

45
Q

what color is Thimerosal Tincture

A

orange-red and stains the skin a reddish color

46
Q

What are “topical oral solutions”?

A

dental solution

47
Q

name 6 topical oral (dental) solutions

A
  1. Camphorated parachlorophenol
  2. Carbamide peroxide topical solution
  3. Cetylpyridinnium chloride solution
  4. Eryhtosine sodium topical solution
  5. Eugenol
  6. Sodium fluoride oral solution
48
Q

name the components and usage of camphorated parachlorophenol

A

dental anti-infective

contains camphor 65% and parachlorophenol 35%

49
Q

camphor has a ____ odor and taste

A

minty

50
Q

which dental solution is a dental anti-infective that releases bubbling oxygen?

A

Carbamide peroxide topical solution

51
Q

Name the properties of Carbamide peroxide topical solution

A

dental anti-infective, chemomechanical cleansing and debriding agent, releases bubbling oxygen

52
Q

Which dental solution is a freshening mouth cleanser? is it an anti-infective?

A

Cetylpridinnium chloride sodium
local anti-infective

53
Q

which dental solution is a diagnostic aid? also explain how it is a diagnostic aid

A

Erythrosine sodium topical solution

it is applied to the teeth and reveals plaque left by inadequate brushing

54
Q

What is Eugenol?

A

a dental analgesic solution. it is an HERB. aromatic odor of herb and has a spicy taste

55
Q

What dental solution is prophylactic against cavities?

A

Sodium fluoride oral solution

56
Q

name 3 MISCALLANEOUS solutions

A

-aromatic waters
-diluted acids
-spirits

57
Q

explain what aromatic waters are

A

saturated AQUEOUS solutions of volatile oils or of other aromatic or volatile substances

58
Q

What are aromatic waters used for and how are they stored?

A

used as:

  1. pleasantly flavored vehicle for a water-soluble drug
    OR
  2. As the aqueous phase in an emulsion or suspension

stored in tight, light-resistant bottles to reduce volatilization (evaporation – remember, aromatic waters are saturated with volatile oils or other aromatic or volatile substances) and degradation from sunlight

59
Q

What are diluted acids?

A

aqueous solutions that are prepared by diluting CONCENTRATED ACIDS with PURIFIED WATER.

60
Q

Diluted acids are always ____%__/__, WITH THE EXCEPTION OF WHAT

A

10%w/v

WITH THE EXCEPTION OF ACETIC ACID WHICH IS 6%w/v

61
Q

CONCENTRATED acids are expressed in %___/___

DILUTED acids are expressed in %__/___

A

CONCENTRATED – %w/w

DILUTED – %w/v

62
Q

what is the %w/w of concentrated HCl?

what is the %w/v of diluted HCl?

A

concentrated HCl – 35-38% w/w (avg = 36.5)

diluted HCl = 10%w/v (REMEMBER: diluted acids are always 10% w/v with the exception of acetic acid)

63
Q

What are spirits?

A

alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of volatile substances, containing 50-90% alcohol

64
Q

because spirits have such a high alcoholic content…..

A

they can maintain water-insoluble oils in solution

65
Q

what are the 2 types of spirits? give example(s) of each

A

Medicinal Spirits
-ex: aromatic ammonia spirit

Nonmedicinal spirits:
-compound orange spirit
-compound cardamom spirit

66
Q

are spirits given to the patient?

A

NO - they require dilution

67
Q

how are spirits stored and why

A

in tight containers to reduce loss by evaporation (very high alcohol content)

68
Q

name the NONAQUEOUS solutions

A

liniments and collodions

69
Q

name 3 collodions

A

Collodion and Flexible collodion – no therapeutic effect

salicylic acid collodion – therapeutic effect

70
Q

what are liniments?

A

alcoholic or oleaginous solutions OR emulsions of various medicinal substances intended for external application to the skin (generally w rubbing)

71
Q

can liniments be emulsions?

A

yes

72
Q

the vehicle in a liniment is selected based on…

A

the type of action needed

ex: alcoholic or hydroalcoholic is useful when penetrating, rubefacient, or conterirritant is desired

oleaginous – when massage is desired

73
Q

what are liniments used for?

A

pain relief, muscle aches, neuroglia, rheumatism, arthritis, sprains

74
Q

give examples of liniments (5)

A

Icy Hot, Aspercream, Bnegay, Myoflex, Vicks

75
Q

is bengay an emulsion or solution?

A

emulsion

76
Q

Explain what collidions (dosage form – not product) are

A

liquids composed of pyroxylin dissolved in a solvent mixture. the solvent mixture is usually alcohol and/or ether

77
Q

do collodions always contain medicinal substances?

A

not always – may or may not

78
Q

what are the applicators for collodions? does it matter the applicator?

A

yes they need a suitable applicator
-fine camel’s hair brush or glass applicator

79
Q

what can you say about the flammability of collodions

A

VERY flammable. it is pyroxylin dissolved in a solvent mixture composed of ALCOHOL AND/OR ETHER

80
Q

explain how collodions work

A

when applied to the skin with a suitable applicator (fine camel’s hair brush or glass applicator), the solvent readily evaporates, leaving a filmy residue of pyroxylin that provides an occlusive protective coating to the skin

when the collodion is MEDICATED, it leaves a thin layer of that medication firmly placed against the skin

COLLODIONS MUST BE APPLIED TO DRY TISSUES FOR PROPER ADHESION

81
Q

what dosage form MUST be clearly labeled with “for external use only”

A

collodions

82
Q

in what temp should collodions be stored?

A

not above 30 degrees celsius and remote from fire

83
Q

why are collodions not washed away?

A

it is organic.

84
Q

name the components and storage of Collodion, USP

A

Pyroxylin
Ether
Alcohol

ether and alcohol are the solvents

HIGHLY FLAMMABLE, preserved in tight containers and at temp not above 30 degree celsius. away from fire

85
Q

name the components of flexible collodion and WHY they are included in the formulation

A

2% camphor – makes Flexible Collodion waterproof

3% castor oil – makes it flexible. permits comfortable use of collodion over skin areas moved often ie: fingers, toes, elbows

ALL DISSOLVED IN COLLODION, USP – therefore, it has similar properties – highly flammable, temp not above 30 degrees celsius, tight containers

86
Q

where is flexible collodion applied and why?

A

as mentioned — areas of the skin that move a lot due to products flexibility

but also used by physicians. applied over bandages or stitched incisions to make them water-proof and protected

87
Q

explain the components of Salicylic Acid Collodion

A

10% solution of salicylic acid IN Flexible Collodion, USP

88
Q

What is the use of Salicylic Acid Collodion

A

used for keratolytic effects – removal of corns

89
Q

name 2 salicylic acid collodion commercial products

A

Compound W and Freezone (Dr. Scholl’s preparation)

90
Q

when a patient is purchasing salicylic acid collodion, what should you counsel them on?

A

-this product is flammable and irritating to the skin

-add petrolatum around the wart and then add the product dropwise to help avoid irritation

91
Q

What are the 2 methods of drug extraction?

A

maceration and percolation

92
Q

in most extraction methods, the crude drug is extracted from which tissues?

A

animal tissue and brain tissue

93
Q

what are crude drugs?

A

the drugs we get from extraction

94
Q

what is the menstruum?

A

solvent/medium used to carry out the extraction procedure

95
Q

what is the most popular menstruum?

A

diluted alcohol

96
Q

what is Marc?

A

residue from the extraction. thrown away

97
Q

explain what Maceration is

A

extraction process in which plant tissue soaks in the menstruum until the cellular structure is softened and penetrated by the menstruum and the soluble, active constituents are dissolved.

98
Q

explain what percolation is

A

extraction method in which the extractive is separated from marc

method of simple syrup preparation

99
Q

drug in menstruum =_____

A

extractive

100
Q

explain what fluidextracts are. They are prepared by which extraction process?

A

prepared by percolation so that each (1) mL contains 1g of the therapeutic constituents of the standard drug involved

fluidextracts are LIQUID extracts of vegetable drugs containing ALCOHOL as a solvent, preservative, or both

101
Q

are fluidextracts by themselves used for self administration?

A

NO - too potent (1g in 1mL)
they are modified by the addition of flavoring or sweetening agents.

used in COMPOUNDING - not administration

102
Q

do fluidextracts need preservative?

A

NO!! contains diluted alcohol. ends up being ~49% which is far greater than the 18% needed

103
Q

fluid extracts and extracts are _____ ____

A

DOSAGE FORMS

104
Q

Which is more stable and has a longer shelf life – fluidextracts or extracts?

A

extracts

105
Q

what is the concentration of the drug in an extract?

A

we dont know – have to do assay

106
Q

how many forms of extracts are there? name them

A

3:

semiliquid extracts
pilular or solid extracts
powdered extracts

semiliquid is least cost. however, also least stable

107
Q

what are extracts and how are they obtained?

A

extracts are obtained by the evaporation of all or nearly all of the solvent (aka menstruum). they are concentration preparations of crude drugs to obtain the ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS

also very potent, like fluidextracts

108
Q
A

Pharmaceutics Exam 2 (4 decks)

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