Solutions, Colloids, and Suspensions

Question 1

A stable mixture of two or more substances that cannot be separated using a centrifuge.

Answer 1

Solution

Question 2

A substance that dissolves in a solvent.

Answer 2

Solute

Question 3

What are the 3 ways substances and particles combine with water?

Answer 3

Colloids, suspensions, solutions

Question 4

The medium in which a solute dissolves.

Answer 4

Solvent

Question 5

What is considered the universal solvent?

Answer 5

Water

Question 6

What are the 3 basic types of physiologic solutions?

Answer 6

ionic, polar covalent, nonpolar covalent,

Question 7

An example of an ionic (electrovalent) solution is?

Answer 7

saline solution (0.9% NaCl)

Question 8

An example of a polar covalent solution is?

Answer 8

Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Acetic acid (CH3COOH)

Question 9

An example of a nonpolar covalent solution is?

Answer 9

Glucose (C6H12O6)

Question 10

A solution in which a solute dissociates into ions is called?

Answer 10

electrolyte solution

Question 11

cations

Answer 11

positive ions that migrate to a cathode

Question 12

anions

Answer 12

negative ions that migrate to an anode

Question 13

Nonelectrolytes

Answer 13

nonpolar covalent solutions where the solute remains intact and does not carry a positive or negative charge

Question 14

colloids (dispersions/gels)

Answer 14

consist of large molecules that attract and hold water; example=protoplasm inside cells

Question 15

hydrophilic

Answer 15

water loving

Question 16

hypotonic

Answer 16

having a lower concentration of electrolytes than body plasma

Question 17

Suspensions

Answer 17

composed of larger particles that float within a liquid; capable of separation with a centrifuge; example=RBCs in plasma

Question 18

solubility

Answer 18

the ease with which a solute dissolves in a solvent

Question 19

What are the 5 factors that influence solubility

Answer 19

1. nature of the solute
2. nature of the solvent
3. temperature
4. pressure
5. concentration

Question 20

how does temperature affect solubility?

Answer 20

more gas dissolves in a liquid at lower temperatures; as temp increases the gas comes out of solution

Question 21

Henry’s Law

Answer 21

describes the effect of pressure on solubility of a gas in a liquid; as pressure increases, more gas dissolves as the pressure increases

Question 22

concentration

Answer 22

the amount of solute dissolved into the solvent

Question 23

example of qualitative description of a solution

Answer 23

dilute

Question 24

example of quantitative description of a solution

Answer 24

50 mL of 4.0 M solution

Question 25

dilute solution

Answer 25

small amount of solute relative to the solvent

Question 26

saturated solution

Answer 26

solvent cannot dissolve anymore solute; additional solute would just settle to the bottom

Question 27

supersaturated solution

Answer 27

a solution where the solvent contains more solute than a saturated solution at the same temperature and pressure

Question 28

What are the Starling forces?

Answer 28

The four separate forces (2 hydrostatic, 2 colloid) driving fluid filtration across a capillary wall

Question 29

According to the Starling forces, if the net result of fluid transfer across a membrane is positive, that means what?

Answer 29

fluid from the capillary moves into the interstitium

Question 30

According to the Starling forces, if the net result of fluid transfer across a membrane is negative, that means what?

Answer 30

Fluid will be reabsorbed from the insterstitium back into the capillary.

Question 31

What is the most important physiologic characteristic of solutions within the body?

Answer 31

Their ability to exert pressure.

Question 32

What is osmotic/oncotic pressure?

Answer 32

the minimum pressure that must be applied to a solution to halt the flow of solvent particles through a semipermeable membrane

Question 33

What is a semipermeable membrane?

Answer 33

a membrane that permits passage of solvent molecules but not solute; example=capillary wall

Question 34

How can osmotic pressure be measured?

Answer 34

by connecting a pressure manometer to the expanding side of the semipermeable membrane

Question 35

What is osmolality?

Answer 35

the ratio of solute to solvent (water)

Question 36

What is tonicity?

Answer 36

the relative concentrations of solutions that determine the direction and extent of diffusion and is influenced by the amount of solute that cannot cross the membrane

Question 37

What is the tonicity of body cellular fluid?

Answer 37

0.9%

Question 38

What does isotonic mean?

Answer 38

solutions with the same tonicity; physiologically, this would be 0.9% saline solution and body cellular fluid

Question 39

What does hypertonic mean?

Answer 39

more tonicity (more oncotic pressure and higher concentration due to less water); example=sputum induction 3-7% saline

Question 40

What does hypotonic mean?

Answer 40

less tonicity (less oncotic pressure and lower concentration due to more water)

Question 41

What is turgor?

Answer 41

the pressure inside a cell that counteracts osmotic pressure

Question 42

2 ways to quantify the amount of solute in a solution

Answer 42

1. weight (mg or g) 2. electronegativity (chemical combining power, Na+ or HCO3-)

Question 43

What are equivalent weights?

Answer 43

Amounts of substances that have equal chemical combining power (gEq and mEq)

Question 44

1 gEq=? mEq

Answer 44

0.001 gEq

Question 45

What is valence?

Answer 45

the number of electrons that need to be added or removed to make a substance electrically neutral

Question 46

How do you calculate gram equivalent weights?

Answer 46

gEq=gram molecular weight/valence Example= Fe3+ has an atomic weight of 55.8 so 55.8/3=18.6 g

Question 47

How do you calculate the gEq of an acid?

Answer 47

gEq of an acid=gram molecular weight of the acid/ the number of replaceable hydrogen atoms

Question 48

How do you calculate the gEq of a base?

Answer 48

gEq of a base=gram molecular weight/the number of OH- groups

Question 49

How do you convert gram weight to gEq?

Answer 49

gEq=gram weights/gEq Example=58.5 g NaCl/gEq 58.5 g=1 gEq

Question 50

How do you convert gEq to milliequivalent weights?

Answer 50

mEq=gEq/1000

Question 51

How do you convert mg/dl to mEq/L?

Answer 51

mEq/L=(mg/dl x 10)/equivalent weight

Question 52

What are the 6 methods to quantify the amount of solute in solution?

Answer 52

1. ratio solution 2. weight per volume solution 3. percent solutions 4. Molal solutions 5. molar solutions 6. normal solutions

Question 53

What is the dilution equation?

Answer 53

V1C1=V2C2

Question 54

Dilute 10 mL of a 2% solution to a concentration of 0.5%.

Answer 54

V2=(10 mL x 0.02)/0.005 V2=40 mL