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Chem/Physics-CP > Solutions and Solubility - week 7 > Flashcards

Solutions and Solubility - week 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Solution definition

A

solute dissolved in a solvent

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2
Q

Suspension definition

A

solution where the solute cannot be dissolved in the solvent

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3
Q

Colloidal solution definition

A

particles exist in solution somewhere between a true solution and a true suspension

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4
Q

Solvent

A

substance into which a solute is dissolved

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5
Q

True solution

A

occurs when solute is completely dissolved in the solvent (amount dissolved is dependent on temperature)

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6
Q

The greater the temperature of the solvent ____

A

the greater the amount of solid solute dissolved

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7
Q

When dissolving is endothermic then ___

A

increase solubility with increasing temperature

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8
Q

When dissolving is exothermic then ___

A

decrease solubility with increasing temperature

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9
Q

Does changes in our body temperature have an effect on solubility of solids in our body?

A

changes to body temperature are small and will have minimal effect on solubility

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10
Q

Concerning gases, the greater the temperature of the solvent the ___

A

less gas that will be dissolved in the solvent (liquid)

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11
Q

If patient’s temperature increases what happens to the anesthetic?

A

less anesthetic dissolved so more difficult to anesthetize

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12
Q

If patient’s temperature decreases what happens to the anesthetic?

A

more anesthetic dissolved so easier to anesthetize

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13
Q

How does gas escape from the solution with an increased temperature?

A

increased temperature –> more KE of the gas molecules –> breaks IMF between gas and solvent –> gas escapes

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14
Q

Saturated solution

A

state of a solution in which more solute cannot be added without some of the solute precipitating out of the solution (Point of equilibrium between the gas and liquid phase)

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15
Q

Solution strength- % solution

A

grams of solute/100mL solvent = % solution

example. .9% NaCl = .9 grams/ 100mL

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16
Q

Solution strength - molar solution

A

moles of solute per 1 liter of solvent
example. NaCl= 23+35 = 58 grams/mole
58grams NaCl/ 1 L of solvent = 1 Molar solution

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17
Q

diffusion

A

process whereby a substance spreads through the space available to it by random molecular motion (high to low concentration)

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18
Q

molecular movement is a product of ___

A

a pressure gradient

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19
Q

Henry’s Law

A

amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure applied to the gas as it overlies the liquid

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20
Q

Graham’s Law

A

movement of gas from one compartment to another thru a porous membrane

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21
Q

diffusion coefficient

A

(D) = Solubility of Gas/ square root MW

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22
Q

calculating relative rate of diffusion of 2 gases as they dissolve in a liquid

A

diffusion rate of gas 1/diffusion rate of gas 2 = sol gas 1/ sol gas 2 x square root of MW gas 2/MW gas 1

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23
Q

Which is less dense Helium or ethylene oxide?

A

helium is much less dense, the rate of effusion of helium thru a hole is greater than that of ethylene oxide

24
Q

Fick’s Law

A

volume of a gas that diffuses across a membrane per minute

25
Q

Bunsen solubility coefficient

A

volume of a gas in a unit volume of a liquid at 0 degree C and 760 mmHg
example: 4.9 volume of O2 dissolve in 100 mL H2O at 0C and 760mmHg = .049 of O2 dissolved in 1mL H2O
so bunsen coefficient for O2 in H2O at STP = .049

26
Q

Ostwald Solubility coefficient

A

ratio of the volume of a gas absorbed to the volume of solvent at the temperature and pressure of the experiment
used to express the blood/gas: tissue/gas ratio

27
Q

tension

A

concentration of a gas in a mixture, force or pressure exerted (cmH2O or mmHg)

28
Q

surface tension

A

created at interface between liquid an gas where the liquid molecules are pulled together by intermolecular cohesive forces

  1. molecules drawn inward from periphery
  2. volume tends to assume smallest area possible
  3. small volume tends to assume spherical form
29
Q

When a molecule is on the surface of a liquid what kind of force does it have?

A

a net attractive force pointing toward the liquid interior because there are no molecules of the liquid above the surface

30
Q

Law of laplace

A

pressure gradient across the wall of a sphere which are related to wall tension and radius

31
Q

law of laplace applied to cylindrically shaped structures

A

T = P x r

two applications: blood vessel (aneurysm), left ventricle (dilated chamber)

32
Q

law of laplace applied to spherically shaped structures

A

P = 2 x T / r

two applications: normal alveoli (lung elastic recoil and wob), surfactant deficient alveoli (Pel and wob)

33
Q

is surface tension within the alveolus constant?

A

yes d/t surfactant, unbalanced water cohesive forces at the ALI but surface tension doesn’t depend on the area of the ALI

34
Q

according to laplace’s law if the radius is small

A

the pressure within the sphere is increased

35
Q

Why would having a pressure gradient and small alveoli emptying into larger ones be a problem for ventilation?

A

bad for gas exchange because the alveoli would collapse requiring much force to inspire

36
Q

per laplace law if there was no surfactant

A

then smaller alveoli have a higher alveolar pressure

37
Q

surfactant

A

reduces wob by increasing the compliance of the lung and preventing alveolar collapse

38
Q

surfactant

A

detergent (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine), produced by Type 2 alveolar cells, reduces alveolar surface tension (more in small than larger so it equalizes the pressures)

39
Q

poiseueille’s law

A

describes laminar flow

F = pi r^4 delta P/ 8 n L

40
Q

Flow is directly proportional to

A

r^4 (radius) and delta P (pressure gradient/change in pressure)

41
Q

Flow is indirectly proportional to

A

n (viscosity) and L (length)

42
Q

poiseueille’s law to resistance

A

R = 8 n L/ pi r^4

43
Q

resistance is inversely proportional to

A

r^4

44
Q

resistance is directly proportional to

A

n and L

45
Q

lower gauge needle does what to flow (r^4)?

A

increases

46
Q

shorter need length does what to flow (L)?

A

increase

47
Q

increased hydrostatic pressure does what to flow (delta P)?

A

increases

48
Q

polycythemic patient has what kind of blood flow (n)?

A

decreased (want to hydrate and warm sickle cell disease patients)

49
Q

anemic patient has what kind of blood flow (n)?

A

increased

50
Q

reynolds number

A

predicts when flow through a tube changes from laminar to turbulent

51
Q

reynolds number is directly proportional to

A

fluid velocity, tube diameter, fluid density

52
Q

reynolds number is inversely proportional to

A

viscosity

53
Q

what happens when reynolds number is >2000

A

flow changes from laminar to turbulent

54
Q

flow becomes turbulent if

A

velocity is high
tube narrows or has kinks/angles
wall of tube is rough
fluid flows thru an orifice

55
Q

resistance to flow ____ when flow becomes turbulent

A

increases

Chem/Physics-CP (3 decks)

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