Solutions and Electrochemistry Flashcards
solution
homogeneous mixture of two or more compounds in a single phase, such as solid, liquid, or gas
solvent
in a solution with two compounds, the compound of which there is more
solute
the compound of which there is less in a solution
solvation
cations and anions of ionic compounds breaking apart and each becoming surrounded by corresponding solvent
what is hydration and what phase is it called to be in when a compound is hydrated?
what is hydration number and what is the usual hydration number?
several water molecules surround the ionic part of the compound, and break it apart. This is compound is then called “hydrated”
the number of water molecules that surround this separated ionic part of the compound is called the hydration number which is usually 4 or 6
what is an electrolyte
a compound that forms ions in aqueous solution
molality
You can use molality to figure out what?
moles of solutes divided by kilogram of solvent
You can use molality to figure out the boiling point and freezing point of a solution
What is parts per million?
10^6 multiplied by the mass fraction (mass solute/mass solvent)
million times the mass fraction
1 mole of NaCl which dissociates into two parts is dissolved into 1 L of water. What is the molar concentration?
1 M
solution concentrations are always given in terms of the form of the solute before dissolution
what is equivalence and normality?
equivalent is the “mass” or “moles” of acid or base that can donate or accept one mole of protons in an acid/base reaction
Normality is the number of equivalents per liter of solution.
Reaction dependent, stuff of interest. For example, equivalents may be species of interest like protons, hydroxides, ions, electrons, etc
nitrite
NO2-
nitrate
NO3-
sulfite
SO3-2
sulfate
SO4-2
hypochlorite
ClO-
chlorite
ClO2-
chlorate
ClO3-
perchlorate
ClO4-
carbonate
CO3-2
bicarbonate
HCO3-
minus 1
phosphate
PO4-3
ammonium
NH4+
what is a vapor pressure
pressure created by molecules with enough kinetic energy to break free from the intermolecular bonds keeping the liquid phase at equilibrium**, not influenced by the number of molecules contacting the surface
gas phase coexisting as solid or liquid because it is at an equilibrium. in other words, it is the partial pressure of the compound at equilibrium between different states.
below the critical point so the gas can go back into the liquid just by increasing the pressure without altering the temperature
what happens when the vapor pressure equals the local atmospheric pressure
the liquid boils