Solutions, Acids, and Bases Flashcards
What is Solubility?
The measure of how much solute can dissolve in a solvent
Factors that affect Solubility
Temperature
Type of Solvent
Pressure.
Solution
an even mixture that contains a solvent and at least one solute. A solution has the same properties throughout.
Solvent
the part of a solution that dissolves the other substances (sugar, salt, etc.) Examples – water, milk.
Solute
the substance that gets dissolved in the solution
examples – sugar, lemonade powder, chocolate mix
Colloid
a mixture that contains small, undissolved particles that do not settle out Examples: mayonnaise, shaving cream, whipped cream, gelatin, milk, hair gel, diaper gel
Suspension
a mixture in which particle can be seen and easily separated by settling or filtration
Effects of Solutes and Solvents
Solutes lower the freezing point and raise the boiling point of a solvent.
Ex: salt water boiling point is higher than fresh water. Salt water freezing point is lower
Concentration
Concentrated Solution – has a lot of solute dissolved in a certain amount of solvent To measure concentration, you compare the amount of solute to the total amount of solution
Factors that affect Solubility
Pressure - increasing pressure, increases solubility
Type of Solvent - Some solvents and solutions are not compatible (oil and vinegar) while others are not.
Temperature - For most solids, increasing the temperature also increases the solubility.
Acid
a chemical substance that neutralizes alkalis, dissolves some metals, and turns litmus red; typically, a corrosive or sour-tasting liquid of this kind
Properties of Acids
An acid tastes sour,
Reacts with metals making it corrosive
Turns blue litmus paper (an indicator) red.
What do Acids produce in a Solution?
An acid produces hydrogen ions in water
Hydrogen Ion (H+) – an atom of hydrogen that has lost its electron
Characteristics or properties of Acids
Tastes sour
Reacts and corrodes metals(Ex: car battery acid)
Turns litmus pink
Ex: lemon juice, soda, coffee, battery acid, tomatoes, stomach acid, HCl, vinegar
Uses for Acids
Digest food
Sulfuric acid is used in car batteries
Fruit juices contain acids – Vitamin C is absorbic acid
Metal cleaners
What are Bases?
Bases – molecules that donate electrons, creating hydroxide (OH-) ions in water.
What do Bases produce?
Hydroxide Ion (OH-) – a Negative ion made of hydrogen and oxygen.
Characteristics or Properties of Bases
Taste Bitter
Feel Slippery
Examples: drain cleaners, antacids, bleach, baking soda, oven cleaner, shampoo, soap, toothpaste
Uses of Bases
Cleaners (windex, ammonia, bleach, soap)
Drain-o (unclog your drains)
Health – antacids, upset stomach
Cooking –baking soda produces CO2 bubbles to cause food to rise.
Gardening - fertilizer
Acid-Base Reactions
Neutralization – reaction between an acid and a base
In an neutralization reaction an acid reacts with a base to produce salt and water
Ex: HCl + MgOH 🡪 H2O + MgCl2
Indicators
An indicator, like litmus, can identify whether a substance is an acid or a base:
Blue litmus paper will turn RED when a substance is an ACID.
Red litmus paper turns BLUE when a substance is a BASE
Strength of Acids/Bases
The more H+ (hydrogen ions) an acid makes when combined with water, the stronger the acid.
The more OH- (hydroxide ions) a base makes when combined with water, the stronger the base.
Strong Acids and Bases
Acids:
stomach acid
vinegar
Lemon juice
Sulfuric acid
Bases:
Drain Cleaner
Ammonia
Weak Acids and Bases
Acids:
Baking soda
Soap
Bases:
Fruit juice
Milk
Tomato juice
Soda
