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form and tech > solutions > Flashcards

solutions Flashcards

1
Q

Name at least 3 liquid dosage forms

A 
draught
elixir 
linctus
mixture 
mouthwash
gargle 
inhalation 
spray 
nasal drops
enema 
vaginal douche 
eye lotion 
eye drops 
injection 
infusion
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2
Q

Advantages of a solution as an oral dosage form

A

no need to dissolve the drug in the system

easier to swallow

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3
Q

disadvantages of a solution as an oral dosage form

A

taste

bulky

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4
Q

What is cosolvency

A

solubility of a weak electrolyte or non-polar compound in water can be improved by the addition of a water miscible solvent in which the compound is also soluble

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5
Q

The solubility of a drug is generally affected by…

A

the dielectric constant of the solvent system

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6
Q

ideally, suitable blends of solvents should have a dielectric constant between ____ and _____

A

25 and 80

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7
Q

What is solubilisation

A

the solubility of a drug in water can be improved by the addition of a surfactant

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8
Q

what is micellar solubilisation

A

the concentration of surfactant used should be above its critical micellar concentration

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9
Q

hydrophilic surfactants with HLB values above ___ are useful solubilising agents

A

15

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10
Q

Name 3 factors that affect the choice of solubilising agent

A

toxicity and nrrtancy
miscibility with solvent system
compatibility with other components
odour and taste

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11
Q

how do you determine the minimum concentration of surfactant for solubilisiation of drug

A
  1. series of vials with constant conc of surfactant is prepared
  2. diff amounts of the drug is added and the optical density of the mixtures determined
  3. maximum drug conc obtained
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12
Q

What is complexation

A

interaction of a poorly soluble drug with a soluble material to form a soluble complex

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13
Q

should complex formed be easily reversible?

A

yes

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14
Q

What is chemical modification

A

synthesis of soluble salts of the drug

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15
Q

What happens to a chemically modified drug in the body?

A

gets converted to the active base in the biological system

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16
Q

how is particle size reduced

A

milling

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17
Q

when is non-aqueous solvents used

A

prepare solution so drugs which are unstable in water

prepare IM injections of drugs for depot therapy

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18
Q

What are non-aqueous solvents classified into?

A

fixed oils of veg origins, alcohols, polyhedric alcohols, mineral oils and others

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19
Q

What types of formulations are fixed oils of vegetable origin used in

A

injections, eyedrops, liniments and oral prep

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20
Q

What is fractionated coconut oil used for

A

solvent for phenoxymethylpenicillin

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21
Q

tasteless and odourless fixed oils are used for…

A

oral prep

22
Q

Types of alcohol

A

ethanol, industrial methylated spirit, isopropanol, polyhydric alcohols (glycerol, propylene glycol, PG, dipropylene glycol, dietyhlene glycol, ethylene glycol)

23
Q

Ethanol is suitable for __________ use

A

internal and external

24
Q

What conditions is ethanol most commonly employed in?

A

low conc, as a cosolvent with water in the formulation of aqueous solutions for oral and parenteral use

25
Q

What is industrial methylated spirit

A

ethanol with 5% methanol as a denaturants

26
Q

industrial methylated spirit is suitable for __________ use

A

external only

27
Q

Isopropanol is suitable for __________ use

A

external only

28
Q

glycerol is suitable for ________ use

A

internal and external

29
Q

propylene glycol is suitable for ________ use

A

internal and external

30
Q

PEG of low MW is suitable for ________ use

A

internal and external

31
Q

Dipropylene glycol, diethylene glycol, ethylene glycol is suitable for ________ use

A

external for vet and horticultural

32
Q

What is a type fo mineral oil

A

liquid paraffin

33
Q

liquid paraffin is suitable for ________ use

A

internal and external

34
Q

Why does liquid paraffin have limited use in pharm prep

A

oily and tacky nature

35
Q

what is preferred over liquid paraffin?

A

veg oils

36
Q

xylene is suitable for ________ use

A

external

37
Q

ethyl ether is suitable for ________ use

A

external

38
Q

ethyl ether is used as a…

A

cosolvent with alcohol in some collegians for extraction of crude drugs

39
Q

isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate is commonly used in

A

cosmetics

40
Q

dimethylsulphoxide, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide is mainly used in…

A

vet prods

41
Q

kerosene is mainly used for…..

A

insecticides

42
Q

What are the common additives of a pharm solution?

A

buffers, colours, sweetening agents, flavours and fragrances, preservatives, antioxidants, isotonicity modifiers, density modifiers

43
Q

Whats the function of adding colour

A

improve attractiveness

easy identification

44
Q

the stability of the colour may be affected by

A

pH, UV, oxidising and reducing agents

45
Q

what are the 2 types of colours

A

natural and synthetic

46
Q

natural colours classification

A

carotenoids, chlorophylls, anthocyanin and others

47
Q

what is the limitation of natural colour

A

show variation in chemical composition and are less stable

48
Q

What is another name for synthetic colours

A

coal tar dyes

49
Q

what is the advantage of synthetic colours

A

brighter colours and more stablee

50
Q

examples of natural sweetening agents

A

sucrose, fructose, sorbitol, mannitol. glycerol, xylitol, hydrogenated glucose syrup;, isomalt, honey and liquorice

51
Q

limitation of artificial sweetener

A

tendency to impart bitter taste or metallic after taste

52
Q

examples of artificial sweeteners

A

savvharin, aspartame, acesulfame potassium, traumatic

form and tech (3 decks)

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