Solutions

Question 0

What is the solute and solvent?

Answer 0

A solute or dispersion phase is the component that there is less of.

The solvent or dispersion medium in the component that the solute is dissolved in.

Question 1

What is the definition of a solution?

Answer 1

A mixture of two or more components that form a single phase that is homogeneous down to the molecular level.

Question 2

What is an emulsion?

Answer 2

A liquid dispersed in a liquid

Question 3

What is a syrup?

Answer 3

A liquid medicine containing a sugar solution for flavouring or preservation

Question 4

What is an elixir?

Answer 4

A liquid containing a medicinal drug with a syrup or alcohol added to mask unpleasant tastes

Question 5

What is a linctus?

Answer 5

A syrupy medicinal preparation used to relive coughs or sore throats

Question 6

What is a mixture?

Answer 6

A solution or a suspension can be a mixture

Question 7

What are drops?

Answer 7

Could be a solution or a suspension for specific application to th tongue eyes or ears

Question 8

What are the advantages of solutions?

Answer 8

Drug is uniformly distributed through solution
Uniform dose providing volume is measured accurately
Absorption is not delayed as drug is already in solution
Easy to swallow

Question 9

What are the disadvantages of solutions?

Answer 9

Less stable than stolid forms
Unpleasant flavours can be difficult to mask
Bulk to carry
Require a spoon or spring to measure the dose

Question 10

What is a common pharmaceutical solution?

Answer 10

Syrup BP
66.7%w/v sucrose, water to 100%
High concentration necessary for stability
High osmotic pressure unlikely to support microbial growth, if further diluted this growth is more likely - burst microbial cell wall

Question 11

What is a polymer?

Answer 11

When low molecular weigh molecules are reacted together to form larger molecules with lots of repeating units

Question 12

What can polymers be used for?

Answer 12

They are used as viscosity enhancers, to improve the viscosity of solutions.

Question 13

What are natural polymers and examples?

Answer 13

Natural polymers are mostly polysaccharides, but also proteins

Derived from plant cells
Cellulose
Starch
Xanthan gum
Tragacanth
Acacia

Derived from seaweeds
Carrageenan
Aliginate

Derived from crustaceans
Chitin

Proteins from vertebrates
Collagen
Gelatine

From eggs or blood
Albumin

Question 14

What are semi-synthetic polymers and examples?

Answer 14

These are cellulose ethers.
Abbreviations - MC, HPMC, HEC, EC, CMC

Methyl cellulose
Hydroxypropykmethylcellulose
Hydroxyethylcellulose
Ethyl cellulose
Carboxymethylcellulose sodium

Question 15

What are synthetic polymer and examples?

Answer 15

PAA, PVP, PVA, PEG/PEO 
Poly acrylic acid
Polyvinyl oyrrolidone
Polyvinyl alcohol
Polyethylene glycol/oxide

Question 16

What flow type are most solutions?

Answer 16

Non Newtonian at low to moderate concentrations, some Newtonian when dilute

Question 17

What is a spirit?

Answer 17

Hydro alcohol solution of aromatic material

Question 18

What is a tincture?

Answer 18

Alcoholic or hydro alcoholic solution of chemical or soluble constituent of vegetable drugs.