Solutions

Question 1

elements, covalent
compounds, and ionic compounds.

Answer 1

Pure substances

Question 2

most matter come into contact
with is a ____ of two or more pure
substances.

Answer 2

mixture

Question 3

does not have a
uniform composition throughout the sample.

Answer 3

Heterogeneous mixture

Question 4

has a uniform
composition throughout the sample.

Answer 4

Homogeneous mixture

Question 5

homogeneous mixture that
contains small particles; liquid solutions are transparent.

Answer 5

solutions

Question 6

2 components of solutions

Answer 6

solute and and solvent

Question 7

The components cannot be separated by filtration

Answer 7

solution, colloid

Question 8

substance present in a lesser
amount in a solution.

Answer 8

solute

Question 9

substance present in a larger
amount in a solution.

Answer 9

solvent

Question 10

homogeneous mixture with larger
particles, often having an opaque appearance; particles cannot be filtered and do not settle out.

Answer 10

colloid

Question 11

heterogeneous mixture containing large particles suspended in a
liquid; particles do not dissolve, can be filtered or separated using a centrifuge.

Answer 11

suspension

Question 12

The components cannot be separated by common filtration techniques.

Answer 12

colloid

Question 13

The components can be separated by filtration or centrifugation

Answer 13

suspension

Question 14

substance that conducts an
electric current in water.

Answer 14

electrolyte

Question 15

substance that does not
conduct an electric current in water.

Answer 15

Nonelectrolyte

Question 16

dissociates completely in
water to form ions.

Answer 16

Strong electrolyte

Question 17

dissociates partially in
water to form some ions, leaving mostly
uncharged molecules.

Answer 17

Weak electrolyte

Question 18

Ions that conduct an electric current; examples include NaCl, KOH, HCl, KBr

Answer 18

Strong Electrolyte

Question 19

molecules with a few ions that conduct an electric current; examples include NH3, CH3CO2H, HF.

Answer 19

weak electrolyte

Question 20

molecules that do not
conduct an electric current; examples include CH3OH, H2O.

Answer 20

nonelectrolyte

Question 21

number of moles of charge
that a mole of ions contributes to a solution.

Answer 21

Equivalent (Eq)

Question 22

equals the
charge on the ion.

Answer 22

Equivalents per mole of an ion

Question 23

amount of solute that dissolves in a given amount of solvent, usually reported in grams of solute per 100 mL of solution (g/100 mL).

Answer 23

solubility

Question 24

contains the maximum number of grams of solute that can dissolve.

Answer 24

saturated solution

Question 25

contains less than the maximum number of grams of solute that can dissolve.

Answer 25

Unsaturated solution

Question 26

Solubility principle

Answer 26

"like dissolves like"

Question 27

most ionic and polar covalent compounds are _______ in water

Answer 27

soluble

Question 28

solvation releases more energy than required to separate particles, resulting in heat release.

Answer 28

Exothermic process

Question 29

separation of particles requires more energy than is released during solvation, resulting in heat absorption.

Answer 29

Endothermic process

Question 30

a compound is soluble if it contains one of the following cations:

Answer 30

* Group 1A cations: Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺, Cs⁺ * Ammonium, NH₄⁺

Question 31

for most ionic and molecular solids, solubility generally _ _ _ as temperature increases

Answer 31

increases

Question 32

solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid.

Answer 32

Henry’s law

Question 33

tells how much solute is dissolved in a given amount of solution

Answer 33

concentration of a solution

Question 34

– number of grams of solute dissolved in 100 mL of solution.

Answer 34

Weight/volume percent concentration (w/v%)

Question 35

used to express the concentration of a solute when the solution contains a very small concentration of solute.

Answer 35

Parts per million (ppm)

Question 36

number of moles of solute per liter of solution.

Answer 36

Molarity (M)

Question 37

properties of a solution that depend on the concentration of the solute but not its identity.

Answer 37

Colligative properties

Question 38

solute that readily escapes into the vapor phase.

Answer 38

Volatile solute

Question 39

solute that does not readily escape and has a negligible vapor pressure at a given temperature.

Answer 39

Nonvolatile solute

Question 40

membrane that surrounds living cells.

Answer 40

Semipermeable membrane

Question 41

allow water and small molecules to pass across, but ions and large molecules cannot

Answer 41

Semipermeable membrane

Question 42

passage of a solvent, usually water, across a semipermeable membrane from a solution of low solute concentration to a solution of higher solute concentration.

Answer 42

osmosis

Question 43

pressure that prevents the flow of additional solvent into a solution on one side of a semipermeable membrane.

Answer 43

Osmotic pressure

Question 44

two solutions with the same osmotic pressure

Answer 44

isotonic solution

Question 45

– solution that has a lower osmotic pressure than body fluids.

Answer 45

Hypotonic solutions

Question 46

solution that has a higher osmotic pressure than body fluids.

Answer 46

hypertonic solution

Question 47

- concentration of particles outside the cell is higher than inside the cell. - water diffuses out of the cell, causing it to shrink. - this process is called _crenation._

Answer 47

Hypertonic solution

Question 48

- concentration of particles outside the cell is lower than inside the cell. - water diffuses into the cell, causing it to swell and eventually burst. - for red blood cells, this swelling and rupture is called hemolysis.

Answer 48

Hypotonic solution

Question 49

process by which blood is filtered through the kidneys in the human body.

Answer 49

dialysis

Question 50

when a person’s kidneys are incapable of removing waste products from the bood, _ _ _ is used.

Answer 50

hemodialysis

Question 51

if cooling is very slow, the solution becomes _________ with solute

Answer 51

supersaturated

Question 52

In dilution, the amount of solute is _____

Answer 52

constant