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Pharmaceutical Analysis > Solutions > Flashcards

Solutions Flashcards

1
Q

Type of solution: Alloys like brass, bronze, etc.

A

Solid-solid

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2
Q

Type of solution of the solution of sugar, salt, etc. in water

A

solid-liquid

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3
Q

Type of solution of the Sublimation of substances like iodine, camphor, etc. into the air

A

solid-gas

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4
Q

Type of solution of substances like iodine, camphor, etc. into the air

A

Solid-gas

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5
Q

Type of solution for the hydrated salts, mercury in amalgated zinc, etc

A

Liquid-solid

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6
Q

Type of solution for Alcohol in water, benzene in toluene

A

Illiquid-liquid

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7
Q

Type of solution for aerosol, water vapour in the air

A

liquid-gas

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8
Q

type of solution for hydrogen absorved in palladium

A

Gas-solid

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9
Q

Type of solution for aerated drinks

A

gas-liquid

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10
Q

Type of solution for a mixture of gases

A

gas-gas

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11
Q

Solutes are inseparable from the mixture and do not sediment. It is stable

A

Solution

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12
Q

its components cannot be separated using filtration

A

Solution

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13
Q

The major consideration in assessing the acceptability of a suspension

A

Redispersibility

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14
Q

two most common basic evaluative procedures

A
  1. Measurement of the sedimentation volume
  2. Ease of redispersion
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15
Q

simple ratio of the height of sediment to initial height of the initial volume

A

Sedimentation volume

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16
Q

particle size of the suspension is about 2-5 micrometer

A

brownian movement

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17
Q

Used to assess suspension for stress testing for stability testing result in increase of particle growth and may indicate future state after long storage

A

Freeze-thaw cycling technique

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18
Q

apparatus used in sedimentation

A

Andreasen apparatus
Coulter counter apparatus

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19
Q

allows the observer to view the actual particles

A

Microscopic method

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20
Q

Number of hours for freezing and thawing

A

Freezing: 18 hours (freezer)
thawing: 4-6 hours (room temp)

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21
Q

A clear, homogeneous liquid dosage form that
contains one or more chemical substances dissolved in
a solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents.

A

Solution

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22
Q

The component that dissolves the other
component.

A

Solvent

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23
Q

-It is a homogeneous mixture

A

Solution

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23
Q

The component(s) that is/are dissolved in the
solvent.

A

Solute

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24
Q

particles are too tiny and have a diameter less than
1 nm.

A

Solution

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25
Q

particles are not visible to naked eyes

A

Solution

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26
Q

Particles don’t scatter a beam of light passing through
it and hence the path of the light is not visible.

A

Solution

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27
Q

Solutes are inseparable from the mixture and do not
sediment.

A

Solution

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28
Q

Visual inspection for the presence of gross
floating or particulate matter.

A

Solution

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29
Q

Observes clarity, particulate matter, color

A

Appearance

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30
Q

detection of the presence of degradation - assay of potency

A

Chemical stability

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31
Q

determined by the use of viscometer

A

viscosity

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32
Q

determined spectrophotometrically at a particular wavelength.

A

color

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33
Q

subjective evaluation by the formulator, taste panel

A

odor and taste

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34
Q

A liquid dosage form that consists of solid particles
dispersed throughout a liquid phase.

A

SUSPENSION

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35
Q

a coarse
dispersion in which internal phase (therapeutically
active ingredient)is dispersed uniformly
throughout the external phase.

A

SUSPENSION

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36
Q

The internal phase consisting of insoluble solid particles having a range of size(0.5 to 5 microns) which is maintained uniformly through out the
suspending vehicle with aid of single or
combination of suspending agent

A

SUSPENSION

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37
Q

The external phase (suspending medium) is
generally aqueous in some instance, may be an
organic or oily liquid for non oral use.

A

Suspension

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38
Q

reasons for the formulation of a pharmaceutical
suspension:

A
  • when the drug is insoluble in the delivery
    vehicle.
  • To mask the bitter taste of the drug.
  • To increase drug stability. - To achieve controlled/sustained drug release.
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39
Q

QUALITY CONTROL TEST FOR SUSPENSION

A

 Sedimentation volume
 Test for Redispersibility
 Particulate Size Measurement
 Viscosity (rheological/property)
 Zeta Potential determination
 Temperature and Gravitational stress

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40
Q

major consideration in
assessing the acceptability of a suspension

A

Redispersibility

41
Q

the simple ratio of
the height of sediment to initial height of the
initial suspension.

A

sedimentation volume

42
Q

Sedimentation Volume Formula

A

Vs= Vu/Vo x 100

43
Q

ideal
suspension

A

Vs- (approximate) 1

44
Q

The sedimentation volume gives only a quantitative
account of flocculation. T or F

A

False. Qualitative

45
Q

the amount of force necessary to redisperse the particles

A

Test for Redispersibility

46
Q

No settling occurring.

A

Brownian movement

47
Q

Lower the no. of revolution or shorter time for redispersion

A

Faster dispersibility.

48
Q

Using of microscope with micrometer eyepiece.

A

Particulate Size Measurement

49
Q

Rapid processing of photo micrographs is enhanced
by attaching what to the piece of monomolecular microscope.

A

Polaroid camera

50
Q

used to assess
suspension for stress testing for stability testing result in increase of particle growth and may indicate future
state after long storage.

A

freeze-thaw cycling technique

51
Q

Particle Size and Size Distribution is performed by optical microscopy, sedimentation
by using these instruments

A

Andreasen apparatus and Coulter counter
apparatus.

52
Q

allows the observer to view the actual particles. The sedimentation method yields a
particle size relative to the rate at which particles
settle through a suspending medium.

A

Microscopic method

53
Q

conducted by placing the sample
in a freezer for 18 hours followed by thawing at
room temperature for 4 to 6 hours.

A

FREEZE- THAW TEST

54
Q

conducted to determine the tendency
to crystallize

A

FREEZE- THAW TEST

55
Q

help in determining the
settling behaviour of the suspension.

A

Rheological methods

56
Q

with variable shear stress
control can be used for evaluating viscosity of
suspensions.

A

Brookefield viscometer

57
Q

It consists of T-bar spindle which is lowered into the
suspension and the dial reading is noted which is a
measure of resistance the spindle meets at various
levels in the suspension.

A

Brookefield viscometer

58
Q

Repulsive forces between particles

A

Zeta Potential Determination

59
Q

expose in high
temperature, then perform any of 1-5 tests.

A

Temperature stress test

60
Q

using centrifuge.

A

Gravitational stress test-

61
Q

The formulation exhibiting thixotropic properties a rise in temperature would change the properties.

A

Stability Testing

62
Q

The valid temperature data could be obtained that will be useful in the estimation of the physical stability of a product at normal storage conditions.

A

Stability Testing

63
Q

two phase dispersion of liquids that are normally not miscible.

A

EMULSION

64
Q

a-aka internal phase

A

dispersed phase

65
Q

b-external phase

A

dispersion medium

66
Q

viscid, multiphase systems in which
one or more liquids are dispersed throughout another immiscible liquid in the form of small droplets.

A

Emulsions

67
Q

When oil is the dispersed phase and an aqueous
solution is the continuous phase

A

oil-in-water emulsion

68
Q

When water or an aqueous solution is the
dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous material is
the continuous phase

A

water-in-oil emulsion

69
Q

stabilized by emulsifying agents that prevent coalescence, the merging of small droplets into larger droplets, and, ultimately, into a single separated phase.

A

Emulsions

70
Q

act by concentrating at the interface between the
immiscible liquids, thereby providing a physical barrier that reduces the tendency for coalescence.

A

Emulsifying agents

71
Q

reduce the interfacial tension between the phases, facilitating the formation of small droplets upon mixing

A

Surfactants

72
Q

type of emulsions which
the continuous phase is usually hydrophobic materials
such as oil and the dispersed phase is water.

A

Water-In-Oil Emulsions (W/O)

73
Q

W/O emulsions three substances

A

a solvent,
a surfactant, and
water

74
Q

emulsion in which the
oil exists as the dispersed phase and water as the
dispersion medium or continuous phase.

A

Oil-In-Water Emulsions (O/W)

75
Q

stabilized using a combination of hydrophilic and
hydrophobic surfactants.

A

Multiple Emulsions

76
Q

more complex and contain very small droplets suspended in larger droplets that
are also dispersed in a continuous phase.

A

Multiple Emulsions

77
Q

consist of water droplets entrapped in bigger oil droplets that are sequentially suspended in a continuous water phase

A

W/O/W

78
Q

emulsion is diluted either with oil or water

A

Dilution Test

79
Q

Phase inversion in emulsion is determined
through what test

A

dye solubility test

80
Q

Sudan red- oil soluble dye result is?

A

w/o

81
Q

Amaranth green- water soluble dye result is?

A

o/w

82
Q

When a filter paper soaked in cobalt chloride
solution is added to an emulsion and dried, it
turns from blue to pink, indicating that the
emulsion is o/w type.

A

Cobalt Chloride Test

83
Q

If an emulsion on exposure to ultra-violet
radiations shows continuous fluorescence under microscope, then it is w/o type and if it shows
only spotty fluorescence, then it is oil in o/w type.

A

Fluorescence Test

84
Q

emulsion exposed to ultra-violet radiations showing CONTINOUS fluorescence under microscope

A

w/o

85
Q

emulsion exposed to ultra-violet radiations showing SPOTTY fluorescence under microscope

A

o/w

86
Q

They are added to disperse solids in continuous
liquid phase.

A

Wetting agents

87
Q

They are added to floc the drug particles.

A

Flocculating agents

88
Q

They are added to increase the viscosity of
suspension.

A

Thickeners

89
Q

They are added to stabilize the suspension to a desired pH range.

A

Buffers and pH adjusting agents

90
Q

They are added to stabilize the suspension to a desired pH range

A

Buffers and pH adjusting agents

91
Q

They are added to adjust osmotic pressure
comparable to biological fluid.

A

Osmotic agents

92
Q

They are added to impart desired color to
suspension and improve elegance

A

Coloring agents

93
Q

They are added to prevent microbial growth.

A

Preservatives

94
Q

They are added to construct structure of the final
suspension.

A

External liquid vehicle

95
Q

Important from a processing
aspect to minimize segregation.

A

Viscosity

96
Q

Problems in the packaging of oral liquids

A

potency (fill) of unit dose products,
accurate calibration of measuring devices such as
droppers

97
Q

Glass used in packaging of non sterile suspensions.

A

soda lime and borosilicate glass

98
Q

doesn’t allow U.V light to pass through.

A

Amber glass

99
Q

Plastics used in packaging due to the negative aspects of glass, plastic
material significantly use of plastic as packaging
material for sterile as well as non-sterile
pharmaceutical suspension increased.

A

Polyethylene, PVC, polystyrene, polycarbonate

Pharmaceutical Analysis (3 decks)

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