Solutions Flashcards
1
Q
Type of solution: Alloys like brass, bronze, etc.
A
Solid-solid
2
Q
Type of solution of the solution of sugar, salt, etc. in water
A
solid-liquid
3
Q
Type of solution of the Sublimation of substances like iodine, camphor, etc. into the air
A
solid-gas
4
Q
Type of solution of substances like iodine, camphor, etc. into the air
A
Solid-gas
5
Q
Type of solution for the hydrated salts, mercury in amalgated zinc, etc
A
Liquid-solid
6
Q
Type of solution for Alcohol in water, benzene in toluene
A
Illiquid-liquid
7
Q
Type of solution for aerosol, water vapour in the air
A
liquid-gas
8
Q
type of solution for hydrogen absorved in palladium
A
Gas-solid
9
Q
Type of solution for aerated drinks
A
gas-liquid
10
Q
Type of solution for a mixture of gases
A
gas-gas
11
Q
Solutes are inseparable from the mixture and do not sediment. It is stable
A
Solution
12
Q
its components cannot be separated using filtration
A
Solution
13
Q
The major consideration in assessing the acceptability of a suspension
A
Redispersibility
14
Q
two most common basic evaluative procedures
A
- Measurement of the sedimentation volume
- Ease of redispersion
15
Q
simple ratio of the height of sediment to initial height of the initial volume
A
Sedimentation volume
16
Q
particle size of the suspension is about 2-5 micrometer
A
brownian movement
17
Q
Used to assess suspension for stress testing for stability testing result in increase of particle growth and may indicate future state after long storage
A
Freeze-thaw cycling technique
18
Q
apparatus used in sedimentation
A
Andreasen apparatus
Coulter counter apparatus
19
Q
allows the observer to view the actual particles
A
Microscopic method
20
Q
Number of hours for freezing and thawing
A
Freezing: 18 hours (freezer)
thawing: 4-6 hours (room temp)
21
Q
A clear, homogeneous liquid dosage form that
contains one or more chemical substances dissolved in
a solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents.
A
Solution
22
Q
The component that dissolves the other
component.
A
Solvent
23
Q
-It is a homogeneous mixture
A
Solution
23
Q
The component(s) that is/are dissolved in the
solvent.
A
Solute
24
particles are too tiny and have a diameter less than
1 nm.
Solution
25
particles are not visible to naked eyes
Solution
26
Particles don’t scatter a beam of light passing through
it and hence the path of the light is not visible.
Solution
27
Solutes are inseparable from the mixture and do not
sediment.
Solution
28
Visual inspection for the presence of gross
floating or particulate matter.
Solution
29
Observes clarity, particulate matter, color
Appearance
30
detection of the presence of degradation - assay of potency
Chemical stability
31
determined by the use of viscometer
viscosity
32
determined spectrophotometrically at a particular wavelength.
color
33
subjective evaluation by the formulator, taste panel
odor and taste
34
A liquid dosage form that consists of solid particles
dispersed throughout a liquid phase.
SUSPENSION
35
a coarse
dispersion in which internal phase (therapeutically
active ingredient)is dispersed uniformly
throughout the external phase.
SUSPENSION
36
The internal phase consisting of insoluble solid particles having a range of size(0.5 to 5 microns) which is maintained uniformly through out the
suspending vehicle with aid of single or
combination of suspending agent
SUSPENSION
37
The external phase (suspending medium) is
generally aqueous in some instance, may be an
organic or oily liquid for non oral use.
Suspension
38
reasons for the formulation of a pharmaceutical
suspension:
- when the drug is insoluble in the delivery
vehicle.
- To mask the bitter taste of the drug.
- To increase drug stability. - To achieve controlled/sustained drug release.
39
QUALITY CONTROL TEST FOR SUSPENSION
Sedimentation volume
Test for Redispersibility
Particulate Size Measurement
Viscosity (rheological/property)
Zeta Potential determination
Temperature and Gravitational stress
40
major consideration in
assessing the acceptability of a suspension
Redispersibility
41
the simple ratio of
the height of sediment to initial height of the
initial suspension.
sedimentation volume
42
Sedimentation Volume Formula
Vs= Vu/Vo x 100
43
ideal
suspension
Vs- (approximate) 1
44
The sedimentation volume gives only a quantitative
account of flocculation. T or F
False. Qualitative
45
the amount of force necessary to redisperse the particles
Test for Redispersibility
46
No settling occurring.
Brownian movement
47
Lower the no. of revolution or shorter time for redispersion
Faster dispersibility.
48
Using of microscope with micrometer eyepiece.
Particulate Size Measurement
49
Rapid processing of photo micrographs is enhanced
by attaching what to the piece of monomolecular microscope.
Polaroid camera
50
used to assess
suspension for stress testing for stability testing result in increase of particle growth and may indicate future
state after long storage.
freeze-thaw cycling technique
51
Particle Size and Size Distribution is performed by optical microscopy, sedimentation
by using these instruments
Andreasen apparatus and Coulter counter
apparatus.
52
allows the observer to view the actual particles. The sedimentation method yields a
particle size relative to the rate at which particles
settle through a suspending medium.
Microscopic method
53
conducted by placing the sample
in a freezer for 18 hours followed by thawing at
room temperature for 4 to 6 hours.
FREEZE- THAW TEST
54
conducted to determine the tendency
to crystallize
FREEZE- THAW TEST
55
help in determining the
settling behaviour of the suspension.
Rheological methods
56
with variable shear stress
control can be used for evaluating viscosity of
suspensions.
Brookefield viscometer
57
It consists of T-bar spindle which is lowered into the
suspension and the dial reading is noted which is a
measure of resistance the spindle meets at various
levels in the suspension.
Brookefield viscometer
58
Repulsive forces between particles
Zeta Potential Determination
59
expose in high
temperature, then perform any of 1-5 tests.
Temperature stress test
60
using centrifuge.
Gravitational stress test-
61
The formulation exhibiting thixotropic properties a rise in temperature would change the properties.
Stability Testing
62
The valid temperature data could be obtained that will be useful in the estimation of the physical stability of a product at normal storage conditions.
Stability Testing
63
two phase dispersion of liquids that are normally not miscible.
EMULSION
64
a-aka internal phase
dispersed phase
65
b-external phase
dispersion medium
66
viscid, multiphase systems in which
one or more liquids are dispersed throughout another immiscible liquid in the form of small droplets.
Emulsions
67
When oil is the dispersed phase and an aqueous
solution is the continuous phase
oil-in-water emulsion
68
When water or an aqueous solution is the
dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous material is
the continuous phase
water-in-oil emulsion
69
stabilized by emulsifying agents that prevent coalescence, the merging of small droplets into larger droplets, and, ultimately, into a single separated phase.
Emulsions
70
act by concentrating at the interface between the
immiscible liquids, thereby providing a physical barrier that reduces the tendency for coalescence.
Emulsifying agents
71
reduce the interfacial tension between the phases, facilitating the formation of small droplets upon mixing
Surfactants
72
type of emulsions which
the continuous phase is usually hydrophobic materials
such as oil and the dispersed phase is water.
Water-In-Oil Emulsions (W/O)
73
W/O emulsions three substances
a solvent,
a surfactant, and
water
74
emulsion in which the
oil exists as the dispersed phase and water as the
dispersion medium or continuous phase.
Oil-In-Water Emulsions (O/W)
75
stabilized using a combination of hydrophilic and
hydrophobic surfactants.
Multiple Emulsions
76
more complex and contain very small droplets suspended in larger droplets that
are also dispersed in a continuous phase.
Multiple Emulsions
77
consist of water droplets entrapped in bigger oil droplets that are sequentially suspended in a continuous water phase
W/O/W
78
emulsion is diluted either with oil or water
Dilution Test
79
Phase inversion in emulsion is determined
through what test
dye solubility test
80
Sudan red- oil soluble dye result is?
w/o
81
Amaranth green- water soluble dye result is?
o/w
82
When a filter paper soaked in cobalt chloride
solution is added to an emulsion and dried, it
turns from blue to pink, indicating that the
emulsion is o/w type.
Cobalt Chloride Test
83
If an emulsion on exposure to ultra-violet
radiations shows continuous fluorescence under microscope, then it is w/o type and if it shows
only spotty fluorescence, then it is oil in o/w type.
Fluorescence Test
84
emulsion exposed to ultra-violet radiations showing CONTINOUS fluorescence under microscope
w/o
85
emulsion exposed to ultra-violet radiations showing SPOTTY fluorescence under microscope
o/w
86
They are added to disperse solids in continuous
liquid phase.
Wetting agents
87
They are added to floc the drug particles.
Flocculating agents
88
They are added to increase the viscosity of
suspension.
Thickeners
89
They are added to stabilize the suspension to a desired pH range.
Buffers and pH adjusting agents
90
They are added to stabilize the suspension to a desired pH range
Buffers and pH adjusting agents
91
They are added to adjust osmotic pressure
comparable to biological fluid.
Osmotic agents
92
They are added to impart desired color to
suspension and improve elegance
Coloring agents
93
They are added to prevent microbial growth.
Preservatives
94
They are added to construct structure of the final
suspension.
External liquid vehicle
95
Important from a processing
aspect to minimize segregation.
Viscosity
96
Problems in the packaging of oral liquids
potency (fill) of unit dose products,
accurate calibration of measuring devices such as
droppers
97
Glass used in packaging of non sterile suspensions.
soda lime and borosilicate glass
98
doesn’t allow U.V light to pass through.
Amber glass
99
Plastics used in packaging due to the negative aspects of glass, plastic
material significantly use of plastic as packaging
material for sterile as well as non-sterile
pharmaceutical suspension increased.
Polyethylene, PVC, polystyrene, polycarbonate
