Solution

Question 1

Henderson-Hasselbach equation for acid

Answer 1

pH = pKa + log [A-]/[HA]
pH = pKa + log [ionised]/[unionesd]
pH = pKa + log [salt]/[acid]
pH = pKa + log [conjugate base]/[acid]

Question 2

Henderson-Hasselbach equation for base

Answer 2

pH = pKa + log [B]/[BH+]
pH = pKa + log [unionised]/[ionised]
pH = pKa + log [base]/[salt]
pH = pKa + log [base]/[conjugate acid]

Question 3

What is Co?

Answer 3

• Intrinsic solubility
• concentration of unionised drug
• Co = [B] or [HA}

Question 4

What is Cs?

Answer 4

• Saturated solubility
• concentration of unionised and ionised drug
• Cs = [B] + {BH+] or [HA} + [A-]

Question 5

What is Cs-Co

Answer 5

-concentration of ionised drug
calculation:
Cs - Co = saturated solubility - intrinsic solubility
Cs - Co = ( [B] + [BH+] ) - [B] or ( [HA] + [A-] ) - [A-]
Cs - Co = [BH+] or [A-]

Question 6

H-H equation for acid with Cs and Co

Answer 6

pH = pKa + log [ionised/unionesd]
pH = pKa + log [ (Cs - Co)/Co ]

Question 7

H-H equation for base with Cs and Co

Answer 7

pH = pKa + log [ Co/(Cs - Co) ]
pH = pKa + log [unionised/ionised]

Question 8

Protogenic Solvent

Answer 8

-Donates protons
ie CH3COOH
-Bronsted acid

Question 9

Protophilic solvent

Answer 9

-Accept protons
*key=philic
ie NH3
-Bronsted base

Question 10

Aprotic solvent

Answer 10

Neither accepts nor donates protons

ie DMSO

Question 11

Amphiprotic

Answer 11

Can both accept or donates protons
ie H2O, alcohols
*key= amphi

Question 12

important Kw equation

Answer 12

pKw=14
pKw=pH + pOH
pKw=pKa + pKb

Question 13

Measures of concentration

Answer 13

• Molarity
• Mole fraction
• Molality

Question 14

Molarity

Answer 14

Moles per litre

Question 15

Mole fraction

Answer 15

Mole fraction of a species in a mixture(Xa)
-Xa = n(a)/n
Xa = no. of mole of compound A/total number of moles

Question 16

Molality

Answer 16

Mx=no of solute/ mass of solvent

Mx=moles/kg = Molality

Question 17

Nucleation

Answer 17

• occurs at the molecular level
• molecules in solution join together to form a cluster
• when it reaches a certain critical size, it will become stable and will grow into crystal