solubility rules Flashcards
always soluble
Li K Na NH4
always soluble
acetate, clo3 no3
soluble : br i cl except:
ag hg pb
soluble: so4 except:
ag hg pb sr ba ca
water insoluble : oh except:
li k na rb cs ba
water insoluble: co3, cro4, po4, s2-, except
li k na rb cs nh4
al (s)
al 3+ (aq)
Zn (s)
Zn 2+ (aq)
Cr (s)
Cr 3+ (aq)
Fe (s)
Fe 2+ (aq)
Cd (S)
Cd 2+ (aq)
Sn (s)
Sn 2+ (aq)
Co (s)
Co 2+ (aq)
Pt (s)
Pt 2+ (aq)
Au (s)
Au 3+ (aq)
Li, K, Ba, Ca, Na
with water (l)
Mg, Al, Mn, Zn, Cr, Fe
with H20 (g)
Co, Ni, Sn, Pb
with acid
below hydrogen
won’t occur unless its oxidizing acid e.g. HNO3
strong acids
HCl HBr HI HNO3 HClO3 HClO4 H2SO4
strong bases
LiOH, NaOH KOH RbOH CsOH Ca(OH)2 Sr(OH)2 Ba(OH)2
-ene
means theres a double bond
cis-
chain enters/leaves on same side of double bond aka O shape
trans
transverses double bond without changing direction
alkanes aren’t reactive
takes a lot of E to break c-c and c-h
alkenes are more reactive
double bonds are point to break it at as well as triple bonds
kyne
triply bonded
conjugated double bonds
occur in groups like double single double single -
more than 1 ring
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs carcinogenic- replaces hydrogens in order to preserve double bonds
methyl
methane missing 1 H , becomes unstable and reacts with things quickly as possible
phene
benzene ring
weak acids
stay together in net ionic equation, 1% dissociation, 2-5 PH= don’t go to completion donates protons
oxidizing agent
gets reduced, accepts electrons, moves from neutral to higher oxidation state.
reducing agents
gets oxidized, loses electrons
redox-
one must be aq (the one that is more easily reduced) and the other solid (one more easily oxidized/reacted with) (wants to replace the other one)
acids produce H+
accepts pairs of electrons
NH3
dissolves in water, acts as weak base
amine functional groups
medicine for colds
replace H with OH
makes alcohol (ethane becomes ethyl alc/ ethanol)
driving force PPT
make strong bonds in solid
driving force acid-base
make bonds in H20 or weak Acid
driving force redox
transfer electrons
driving force complexation
make bonds in soluble complex, aka dative bonds
bases
accepts protons (H+)
carbonic acid (H2 CO3 )
becomes co2 and h2o, le chatelier sink as well (decreases moles of gas)
higher oxidation is solid
then it will replace less easily oxidizing ion in rxn
HNO3
liberates NO2 and H20, this and HCL necessary for gold complex to form * nitrate both is and isn’t a spectator ion
copper complex with Cu 2+ and ammonia
[Cu (NH3)4]2+
copper complex with Cu2+ and cyanide
[Cu (CN)4] 2-
silver complex with cyanide
[Ag (CN) 2] 2-
gold complex * needs Cl and HNO3
[Au Cl4] - + h20 + NO2
complexes need
excess of ion to attach, complexes gain control of placement of products and speeds up rxn.
HF
absorbed through skin, ppts Ca 2+ out of blood to form CaF2 (s)
HIO4
per iodic acid
H2 SO4
sulphuric acid
per - ic, -ic,
-ous, hypo -ous
absorption/emission spectroscopy
E of photon = spacing in atom one product so E transition = E of photon
photoionization
E of photon is greater than or equal to R
photodissociation
E of photon is greater than or equal to dH
photoelectric effect
E of photon is greater than or equal to work function
