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SOLUBILITY RULES Flashcards

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1
Q

All nitrates are….

A

Soluble

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2
Q

All group1 metal compounds are……

A

Soluble

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3
Q

All chlorides (except silver, lead and mercury) are……

A

Soluble

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4
Q

All sulfates (except silver, calcium, barium and lead) are….

A

Soluble

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5
Q

All carbonates (except group1 metals) are…….

A

Insoluble

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6
Q

All hydroxides (except group1 metals) are…..

A

Insoluble

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7
Q

Salts produced from Acids:
ACID

A

Salt

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8
Q

Salts Produced from Acids:
Hydrochloric (HCl)

A

chloride

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9
Q

Salts Produced from Acids:
Sulfuric (H2 SO4)

A

sulfate

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10
Q

Salts Produced from Acids:
Phosphoric (H3PO4)

A

phosphate

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11
Q

Salts Produced from Acids:
Nitric (HNO3)

A

nitrate

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12
Q

Salts Produced from Acids:
Acetic (CH3COOH)

A

acetate

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13
Q

acid + base =

A

salt + water

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14
Q

acid + metal =

A

salt + hydrogen

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15
Q

acid + carbonate =

A

salt + carbondioxide + water

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16
Q

AB+CD =

A

AD+CB

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17
Q

metal + oxygen =

A

metal oxide

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18
Q

element + oxygen =

A

element oxide

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19
Q

hydrocarbon (fuel) + oxygen =

A

carbon dioxide + water

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20
Q

XY =

A

X + Y

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21
Q

Define atomic mass (mass number)

A

Atomic mass is the sum of all the protons and neutrons in an atom eg mass number = protons + neutrons

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22
Q

Define Atomic number

A

The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. The number of protons define the identity of an element (i.e., an element with 6 protons is a carbon atom, no matter how many neutrons may be present).

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23
Q

Define acid-base indicators

A

Indicators are substances that change colour due to changes in pH

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24
Q

Define PH

A

The pH of a substance is a measure of how acidic or basic the substance is.

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25
Q

Name the parts of an Atom and what they are

A

Protons: Positively charged subatomic particles that reside in the nucleus.

Neutrons: Neutrally charged subatomic particles that reside in the nucleus.

Electrons: Negatively charged subatomic particles found in the electron shells surrounding the nucleus.

Nucleus: The region located in the center of an atom, containing both protons and neutrons.

Electron Shells: The region located on the outermost area of the atom only containing electrons.

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26
Q

Name some common acids

A

Hydrochloric Acid.
Sulfuric Acid.
Nitric Acid.
Carbonic Acid.
Formic Acid.
Acetic Acid.
Citric Acid.

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27
Q

Properties of acids

A

Conduct electricity when dissolved in water, and react with metals to produce hydrogen gas and salt

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28
Q

Name some common bases

A

sodium hydroxide
calcium carbonate
and potassium oxide

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29
Q

Define bases (regarding acids)

A

A base is a substance that can neutralize the acid by reacting with hydrogen ions. Most bases are minerals that react with acids to form water and salts.

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30
Q

Describe the PH scale

A

a scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.

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31
Q

What is the PH range for an acidic solution?

A

pHs less than 7 are acidic

32
Q

What is the PH range for a basic substance?

A

pHs greater than 7 are alkaline (basic) or are know as a base

33
Q

What is the PH range for a neutral solution?

A

The number 7

(explanation if I forget)

It happens that at pH 7, the concentrations of H+ and OH- are equal. This is why pH 7 is considered the neutral pH. Below pH 7, the concentration of H+ is greater than the concentration of OH-, making the water acidic. Above pH 7, the concentration of OH- is greater than the concentration of H+, making the water basic

34
Q

Name some everyday substances that are acidic

A

vinegar, lemon and orange juice, wine, aspirin

35
Q

Name some everyday substances that are a base

A

Sodium Bicarbonate - Baking Soda.
Soap
Toothpaste.
Bleach.
Ammonia
Washing Powder

36
Q

Name some everyday substances that are neutral

A

water, table salt, sugar solution and cooking oil

37
Q

Identify the signs of a chemical reaction

A

Change in Color.
Formation of a Gas.
Formation of a Precipitate.
Change in Odor.
Change in Temperature.
Something is Burning.
Light is Being Produced.

38
Q

Identify the general structure of a word equation (reactants = products) for a chemical reaction

A

Mass of reactants = mass of products

Number of atoms of each element of products
= Number of atoms of each element of reactants

39
Q

Describe the Law of Conservation of Mass in a chemical reaction

A

The Law of Conservation of Matter states that matter cannot be created or destroyed.

40
Q

What is the Endocrine system?

A

The glands and organs that make hormones and release them directly into the blood so they can travel to tissues and organs all over the body.

41
Q

Outline the role of the endocrine system

A

The endocrine system regulates how much of each hormone is released and controls growth and development during childhood, regulation of bodily functions in adulthood, and the reproductive process.

42
Q

Outline the role of the respiratory system

A

The lungs and respiratory system allow us to breathe. They bring oxygen into our bodies (called inspiration, or inhalation) and send carbon dioxide out (called expiration, or exhalation).

43
Q

Outline the role of the digestive system

A

The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats and proteins. They can then be absorbed into the bloodstream so the body can use them for energy, growth and repair.

44
Q

Outline the role of the circulatory system

A

The circulatory system’s function is to move blood throughout the body and carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells, and removes waste products, like carbon dioxide.

45
Q

Outline the role of the excretory system

A

The function of the excretory system to remove wastes from the body. These wastes include water, CO2, nitrogen, salts, and heat. The kidney and urinary systems help the body to eliminate liquid waste called urea, and to keep chemicals, such as potassium and sodium, and water in balance.

Side Note:
Metabolism: The process of the body coverting food into energy. As a result of metabolism, there are waste products.

46
Q

Outline the role of the Nervous system

A

The nervous system transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body, including internal organs. In this way, the nervous system’s activity controls the ability to move, breathe, see, think, and more. The basic unit of the nervous system is a nerve cell, or neuron.

47
Q

What is the scientific name for nerve cell?

A

The basic unit of communication in the nervous system is the nerve cell (neuron).

48
Q

What is a human body condition that is under homeostatic control?

A

Body temperature, water content, sugar levels and carbon dioxide levels

49
Q

What does PNS stand for and what is it?

A

Your peripheral nervous system (PNS) is that part of your nervous system that lies outside your brain and spinal cord.

50
Q

What does CNS stand for and what is it made up of?

A

What Is the Central Nervous System? The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord: The brain controls how we think, learn, move, and feel. The spinal cord carries messages back and forth between the brain and the nerves that run throughout the body.

51
Q

How do you find an elements total electrons?

A

The number of electrons in a neutral atom is equal to the number of protons.

52
Q

what is an acid base indicator?

A

Acid–base indicators are compounds that change color when they become protonated or deprotonated. Because this color change occurs over a specific pH range, indicators can be used to approximate the equivalence point of an acid–base titration

53
Q

What is the colour to acid potency range?

A

pH range Description Colour
< 3 Strong acid Red
3–6 Weak acid Orange or Yellow
7 Neutral Green
8–11 Weak alkali Blue
> 11 Strong alkali Indigo or Violet

54
Q

What are some examples of minerals?

A

Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chloride, magnesium, iron, zinc, iodine, chromium, copper, fluoride, molybdenum, manganese, and selenium

55
Q

Define Homeostasis

A

A state of balance among all the body systems needed for the body to survive and function correctly.

More sophisticated
a self-regulating process by which biological systems maintain stability while adjusting to changing external conditions

56
Q

Define indirect transmission

A

Indirect transmission refers to the transfer of an infectious agent from a reservoir to a host by suspended air particles, inanimate objects (vehicles), or animate intermediaries (vectors).

57
Q

Define vector transmission

A

Vector-borne diseases are infections transmitted by the bite of infected arthropod species, such as mosquitoes, ticks, triatomine bugs, sandflies, and blackflies.

58
Q

Define direct transmission

A

In direct transmission, an infectious agent is transferred from a reservoir to a susceptible host by direct contact or droplet spread. Direct contact occurs through skin-to-skin contact, kissing, and sexual intercourse. Direct contact also refers to contact with soil or vegetation harboring infectious organisms.

59
Q

What is the function of a Phagocyte?

A

Phagocytes are white blood cells found in the bloodstream and protect the body by ingesting and destroying foreign cells. These include, bacteria, dead or dying cells and other invading cells. They are part of the immune system.

60
Q

Describe the function of antibodies

A

By locking onto sites on a pathogens surface (called antigens) they make it easier for white blood cells to Destroy

61
Q

What the is the function of a Lymphocyte?

A

A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell that is part of the immune system. There are two main types of lymphocytes: B cells and T cells. The B cells produce antibodies that are used to attack invading bacteria, viruses, and toxins.

62
Q

What is the difference between Lymphocytes and Phagocytes?

A

The main difference between lymphocytes and phagocytes is that lymphocytes generate specific immune responses against pathogens whereas phagocytes generate the same response to any pathogen. This means lymphocytes are the tools of the adaptive immunity whereas phagocytes are the tools of innate immunity

63
Q

Define Pathogen

A

A pathogen is an organism causing disease to its host, with the severity of the disease symptoms referred to as virulence. Pathogens are taxonomically widely diverse and comprise viruses and bacteria as well as unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes.

64
Q

Name 1 endocrine gland, the hormones they produce and the function of those hormones.

A

Adrenal glands mainly make the hormones adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol and aldosterone. Adrenaline and noradrenaline are involved in the body’s stress (or ‘fight or flight’) response.

65
Q

Name 1 endocrine glands, the hormones they produce and the function of those hormones.

A

The main hormones secreted by the endocrine gland in the pancreas are insulin and glucagon, which regulate the level of glucose in the blood, and somatostatin, which prevents the release of insulin and glucagon.

66
Q

Compare the nervous and endcrine systems in terms of speed of the message, type of message and how
the message is transported through the body.

A

The signal transmission of the nervous system is fast because neurons are interconnected, but the functions are more short-lived. Signal transmission in the endocrine system is slow, since hormones must travel through the bloodstream, but the responses tend to last longer

67
Q

Define disease

A

any harmful deviation from the normal structural or functional state of an organism, generally associated with certain signs and symptoms and differing in nature from physical injury.

68
Q

Define Non infectious

A

Non-infectious diseases are not caused by pathogens and therefore cannot be spread from one person to another. Instead, non-infectious diseases are caused by factors such as genetics, malnutrition, environment and lifestyle.

69
Q

Define infectious

A

The invasion and growth of germs in the body. The germs may be bacteria, viruses, yeast, fungi, or other microorganisms. Infections can begin anywhere in the body and may spread all through it.

70
Q

Define pathogen

A

A pathogen is defined as an organism causing disease to its host, with the severity of the disease symptoms referred to as virulence.

71
Q

6 examples of pathogens and the disease they cause

A

Bacteria- sepsis
Fungi - Tinea,
Protozoa- Malaria
Worms - Amebiasis
Viruses - Covid-19
Prions - Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD).

72
Q

Describe ways in which pathogens can be transmitted

A

he air as droplets or aerosol particles.
faecal-oral spread.
blood or other body fluids.
skin or mucous membrane contact.
sexual contact.

73
Q

Define the ‘First Line of Defence’

A

The first line of defence (or outside defence system) includes physical and chemical barriers that are always ready and prepared to defend the body from infection. These include your skin, tears, mucus, cilia, stomach acid, urine flow, ‘friendly’ bacteria and white blood cells called neutrophils.

74
Q

Define the ‘Second Line of Defence’

A

The second line of defense is nonspecific resistance that destroys invaders in a generalized way without targeting specific individuals: Phagocytic cells ingest and destroy all microbes that pass into body tissues. For example macrophages are cells derived from monocytes (a type of white blood cell).

75
Q

Define the ‘Third Line of Defence’

A

The third level of your immune system consists of cells tailor-made to get rid of the specific microorganisms that have invaded your tissue. Special cells called dendritic cells are the liaison (point of communication) between innate and adaptive immunity. Also include Lymphocytes

76
Q

Define ‘Biotechnology’

A

Biotechnology is the use of biology to develop new products, methods and organisms intended to improve human health and society

77
Q

Two examples of bio technology

A

Synthetic insulin growth and synthetic hormone growth

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