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PhyPharm > Solubility > Flashcards

Solubility Flashcards

1
Q

What is solubility?

A

Concentration of a solute when the solvent has dissolved all that solute that it can at a given temperature.

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2
Q

What is solubility in reference to equilibrium?

A

Concentration of solute in a saturated solution at equilibrium.

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3
Q

What type of property is solubility?

A

Physical property

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4
Q

Miscible meaning.

A

Refers to a solute when it is a liquid. This solute can form a solution with a solvent over any concentration range.

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5
Q

What are the factors affecting solubility?

A

Temperature = principal factor
Pressure = unimportant in pharm. applications
Polarity (and hydrogen bonding)
Particle size

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6
Q

What is NOT a factor of solubility?

A

How fast a substance dissolves

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7
Q

What is heat of solution?

A

Overall energy exchange when a solute dissolves in a solvent

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8
Q

What is lattice energy?

A

energy released when one mole of ionic solid is formed from gaseous ions

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9
Q

What is heat of hydration?

A

Enthalpy change associated with dissolution of one mole of ion in water

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10
Q

Heat of solution equation.

A

∆Hsolution= ∆Hsolute + ∆Hhydration

∆Hsolute - always endo

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11
Q

What are the steps of solution formation?

A
  1. separation of solute particles
  2. separation of solvent particles
  3. mixing of solute and solvent particles.
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12
Q

Describe the separation of solute part. steps.

A

Attractive forces between solute part. are cleaved with energy

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13
Q

Describe the separation of solvent part. steps.

A

Attractive forces between solvent part. are cleaved with energy

endothermic

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14
Q

Describe the mixing of solute and solvent part.

A

solute and solvent particles create bonds which releases energy

exothermic

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15
Q

What is Hess’s law?

A

net enthalpy change is sum of the enthalphy change in each step

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16
Q

Relationship between boiling point and solubility.

A

higher melting point = lower solubility

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17
Q

Cis E isomer vs Trans Z isomer

A

Cis e isomer is more soluble
Cis e has lower melting points

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18
Q

Describe the solubility of strong electrolytes in water.

A

soluble

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19
Q

Describe the solubility of weak electrolytes in water.

A

often not soluble

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20
Q

Describe the solubility of non electrolytes in water.

A

little to no solubility.

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21
Q

What is dissolution?

A

The process by which solid solute enters into a solution in the presence of a solvent.

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22
Q

List the basis of dissolution.

A

diffusion layer model
noyes-whitney relationship
hixson-crowell cube-root relationship

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23
Q

What is the diffusion layer model?

A

Concentration gradient between concentration of the drug in the diffusion layer (Cs) and concentration of the drug in the bulk medium (Cb)

(Cs-Cb)

24
Q

Describe the noyes-whitney relationship.

A

Amount of drug dissolved from solid particles in a function of time (Quantitative Analysis)

25
Q

Describe the Hixson-crowell cube-root relationship.

A

The decrease in the size of particles changes the effective area.

26
Q

Name of apparatus 1.

A

rotating basket

27
Q

Assemblt of apparatus 1.

A

cylindrical, stainless steel basket
shaft assembly

28
Q

Use of apparatus 1.

A

capsules
suppositories
tablets with low density/dissolve very slowly

29
Q

Name of apparatus 2

A

paddle

30
Q

assembly of apparatus 2

A

paddle and shaft assembly

31
Q

use of apparatus 2

A

formulations that sink but does not touch the bottom

32
Q

List the factors affecting drug dissolution.

A

Physicochemical properties of the drug
formulation factors
physiologic factors

33
Q

What are the factors under physicochemical properties?

A

ionized and unionzed forms
particle size
crystalline state

34
Q

Explain how ionized and unionized forms of drugs affect dissolution?

A

ionized form = more water soluble = faster dissolution

35
Q

Unionized vs ionized: absorption

A

Unionized drug forms results in more efficient absorption

36
Q

Explain how crystalline state of drugs affect dissolution.

A

weakly bound amorphous and metastable forms are dissolve faster

37
Q

What increases rate of dissolution in solid dosage forms?

A

disintegration
disaggregation

38
Q

How does viscosity affect dissolution?

A

increased viscosity = dissolution rate decreases

39
Q

How does change in crystalline structure affect dissolution?

A

Change in the crystalline structure of the drug particles in aged suspensions = dissolution rate decreases

40
Q

What factor affects dissolution rate of semi solid forms?

A

type of base used

41
Q

What is the normal GET?

A

15 mins to 2 hours

42
Q

Explain the variation in GET.

A

fasted state - faster
fed state - slower

43
Q

List the formulation factors affecting dissolution.

A

solid dosage forms
suspensions and emulsions
semisolid dosage forms

44
Q

List the physiologic affecting dissolution.

A

gastric emptying time
intestinal transit time
variability of pH

45
Q

State the partition law

A

A solute will distribute itself between two immiscible solvents so that the ratio of its concentration in each solvent is equal to the ratio of its solubility in each one.

46
Q

What is the partition coefficient?

A

Measure of a drug concentration in a nonpolar organic phase to that in a polar aqueous phase

47
Q

What is the partition orientation of strong electrolytes?

A

completely dissociated in aqueous solutions.

48
Q

What is the partition orientation of nonelectrolytes?

A

dissociates in both aqueous and organic solvents

49
Q

What is the partition orientation of weak electrolytes?

A

orientation depends on pH of solution

50
Q

How does increasing unsaturation affect solubility?

A

Increase solubility in polar solvent

51
Q

Dissolution profile of a drug can be used in the formulation the drug for maximum [?]

A

bioavailability

52
Q

[?] of a drug can be used in the formulation the drug for maximum bioavailability

A

dissolution profile

53
Q

What is dieelectric properties?

A

ability to store charge.

54
Q

pH of stomach

A

1-3 pH

55
Q

pH of intestine

A

pH 5-7

PhyPharm (2 decks)

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