SOLIDS

Question 1

with considerable disorder in their
structures.

Answer 1

AMORPHOUS SOLID

Question 2

Disordered, disorganized, random,
no lattice

Answer 2

AMORPHOUS SOLID

Question 3

highly regular arrangement of their
components

Answer 3

CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS

Question 4

Ordered, organized, regularly
repeating, has lattice structure

Answer 4

Ordered, organized, regularly
repeating, has lattice structure

Question 5

_____ ___s keep the particles from
changing positions relative to each other

Answer 5

Strong IMFs

Question 6

The regular arrangement of the
components of a crystalline solid at the
microscopic level produces the
beautiful, characteristic shapes of
crystals.

Answer 6

Unit Cells & Lattices

Question 7

The positions of the components are
represented by a _______, a 3D system of
points designating the positions of the
components (atoms, ions, or molecules)
that make up the substance. repeatable crystal structure

Answer 7

lattice

Question 8

smallest repeating unit

Answer 8

unit cell

Question 9

Structures of Crystalline Solids are Determined by ____ ___________

Answer 9

X-ray diffraction

Question 10

beams of light are
scattered from a regular array of points

Answer 10

X-ray diffraction

Question 11

When X rays of a single wavelength are
directed at a crystal, a diffraction pattern
is obtained. The light and dark areas on
the photographic plate occur because the
waves scattered from various atoms may
_________ or ______ each other depending
on the ________ traveled by the waves
after they strike the atoms.

Answer 11

Reinforce, Cancel, Distance

Question 12

The diffraction pattern can be used to
determine the interatomic spacings using
_____ equation.

Answer 12

Bragg Equation

Question 13

A diffraction pattern of a beryl crystal. Light area
(_______ _______), dark area
(______ ________ __ _____)

Answer 13

Light area
(constructive interference), dark area
(destructive interference of waves)

Question 14

TYPES OF CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS

Answer 14

MOLECULAR, IONIC & ATOMIC

Question 15

has discrete covalently
bonded molecules at each
of its lattice points

Answer 15

MOLECULAR SOLIDS

Question 16

have ions at the points of the
lattice that describes the
structure of the solid, Cations and anions held by ionic bonds.

Answer 16

IONIC SOLIDS

Question 17

have atoms at the lattice
points that describe the
structure of the solid

Answer 17

ATOMIC SOLIDS

Question 18

convenient to classify solids according to what type of component occupies
the lattice points

Answer 18

Classification of Solids

Question 19

The internal forcesin a solid determine the properties of the solid.

Answer 19

Classification of Solids

Question 20

Characterized
by high thermal and
electrical conductivity,
malleability, and ductility

Answer 20

Metals

Question 21

Type of bonding that will occur depends on the elements involved

Answer 21

Chemical Bonding

Question 22

metal + nonmetal = ?

Answer 22

metal + nonmetal = ionic bond

Question 23

nonmetal/metalloid + nonmetal = ?

Answer 23

nonmetal/metalloid + nonmetal = covalent bond

Question 24

metal + metal = ?

Answer 24

metal + metal = metallic bond

Question 25

strength of metallic bonding depends on ______ __ __________

Answer 25

degree of attraction

Question 26

strength of metallic bonding does not depend on ___________

Answer 26

directionality

Question 27

The closest packing model (an arrangement of structure in a manner that most efficiently uses the available space) for metallic crystals assumes that metal atoms are uniform, hard spheres.

Answer 27

Structure & Bonding in Metals

Question 28

hexagonal closest packed (hcp) structure = ___ arrangement

Answer 28

aba arrangement

Question 29

cubic closest packed (ccp) structure = ___ arrangement

Answer 29

abc arrangement

Question 30

substance that contains a mixture of elements and has metallic properties

Answer 30

Metal Alloys

Question 31

some of the host metal atoms are replaced by other metal atoms of similar size

Answer 31

substitutional alloy

Question 32

interstitial alloy

Answer 32

formed when some of the interstices (holes) in the closest packed metal structure are occupied by small atoms

Question 33

Many atomic solids contain strong directional covalent bonds to form a solid that might best be viewed as a “giant molecule” (network solids)

Answer 33

Network Atomic Solid: C & Si

Question 34

typically brittle and do not efficiently conduct heat or electricity

Answer 34

Network Atomic Solid: C & Si

Question 35

Different structural forms of the same element in the same physical state

Answer 35

Allotrope

Question 36

4 Allotropes of C:

Answer 36

Diamond Graphite, Graphene & Fullerenes

Question 37

network of SiO4 tetrahedra; O/Si ratio is 2:1

Answer 37

silica

Question 38

salts containing metal cations & polyatomic Si–O anions; O/Si ratios > 2:1

Answer 38

silicates

Question 39

an amorphous solid formed when silica is heated above its melting point (about 1600°C) and cooled rapidly

Answer 39

Glass

Question 39

more closely resembles a very viscous solution than it does a crystalline solid; can be melted & remelted as often as desired (homogeneous, noncrystalline “frozen solution,”)

Answer 39

Glass

Question 40

properties of these can be varied greatly by varying the additives

Answer 40

Glass

Question 41

typically made from clays (which contain silicates) and hardened by firing at high temperatures.

Answer 41

Ceramic

Question 42

nonmetallic materials that are strong, brittle, and resistant to heat and attack by chemicals

Answer 42

Ceramic

Question 42

heterogenous (contains 2 phases: minute crystals of silicates that are suspended in a glassy cement)

Answer 42

Ceramic

Question 42

at higher temperatures, where more energy is available to excite electrons into the conduction bands, the conductivity of Si increases ( typical behavior for a semiconducting element) and is in contrast to that of metals, whose conductivity decreases with increasing temperature.

Answer 42

Semiconductors

Question 42

Elemental Si has the same structure as diamond (large energy gap between the filled & empty MO which prevents excitation of electrons, hence insulators) but at 25°C, a few electrons can cross the gap

Answer 42

making Si a semiconducting element, or semiconductor.

Question 43

The small conductivity of ______ can be enhanced at normal temp if the Si crystal is doped with certain other elements & become n-type or p-type semiconductors

Answer 43

silicon

Question 44

convenient way of representing the phases of a substance as a function of temperature and pressure

Answer 44

Phase Diagrams

Question 44

The enthalpy change that occurs at the MP when a solid melts is called the ____/_________ __ ______

Answer 44

heat/enthalpy of fusion

Question 44

The ______ _____ (not drawn to scale) for water where E is added at a constant rate.

Answer 44

heating curve