Solid Organ Transplant Flashcards
Indications for Transplant
- Kidney: diabetes, HTN, lupud, PCKD
- Liver: alcoholic cirrhosis, NASH, HBV/HCV, HCC, APAP toxicity
- Pancreas: Diabetes, congenital abnormalities
- Heart: Ischemic heart disease, congenital abnormalities, idiopathic cardiomyopathy, valvular disease
- Lung: CF, pulmonary HTN. pulmonary fibrosis, COPD, emphysema
Goals of Immunosuppression
- Prevent rejection
- Avoid complications with high dose immunosuppressants
- Patient and grant survival
- Patient adherence
Induction Therapy Goals
- Prevent early acute allograft rejection using intense, prophylactic immunosuppression therapy
- Produces profound deficiency on T and/or B cells that can last months
Induction Therapy Options
- Basiliximab
- Antithymocyte globulin
- Alemtuzumab
Basiliximab
- Simulect
- MoA: Blocks T-proliferation via interleukin-2 reception antaognism (anti-CD25 antibodies)
- Used in lowest immunologic risk patients
- Decreased infection rates when compared to other agents
- Does not lead to sustained depletion of lymphocytes and related CD4 helper T-cells
Antithymocyte Globulin
- Thymoglobulin
- MoA: Binds to T-cell surfaces antigens leading to the elimination of T-cells
- Used in moderate to high immunologic risk
- Increased risk for CMV and BKV
- PJP and other invasive fungal pathogens have been associated with thymoglobulin
Alemtuzumab
-Campath
-MoA: binds to CD52 on T-cells,
B-cells, NK cells, and monocytes/macrophages and causes complement activation and antibody-dependent cellular toxicity
-“AIDS” in a bottle, results to pan T-cell depletion
-Used as steroid sparing induction
-CD4/CD8 counts nadir at 4 weeks, 1+ years for recovery
-Associated with many opportunistic infections
Maintenance Therapy Goals
- Prevent allograft rejection
- Maintain an adequate balance of graft fxn, AE, and prevention of infection
- Lifelong immunosuppression
Maintenance Therapy Options
- Corticosteroids
- Calcineurin inhibitors
- Antimetabolites
- mTOR inhibitors
Corticosteroids
- Oldest immunosuppresive agent used in transplant
- MoA: inhibition of cytokine gene expression, modification of lymphocyte distribution and fxn, anti-inflammatory effects
- Dosing: Prednisone 5-10 mg/day (maintenance dose), higher doses are used for induction and rejection therapy
- TONS of SE (short and long term)
Tacrolimus
- Calcineurin Inhibitors
- Capsules (ER and IR), IV, or oral suspension
- Also called FK506
- MoA: Inhibits T-cell activity through inhibition of IL-2 production
Tacrolimus ADME
- Absorption: incomplete and variable, best absorbed on an empty stomach
- Highly lipophilic (99% protein bound)
- Metabolism: extensive CYP3A4, p-gp (IR 1/2 life ~9 hours, ER 1/2 life ~34 hours)
Tacrolimus Dosing
- IR: 0.05-0.1 mg/kg/day in divided doses
- ER: 0.1-0.2 mg/kg/day one time daily
- Dose adjust based on [trough] and renal fxn
- [Goal] varies: time after transplant, type of organ transplanted, infection
- Therapeutic range: 5-15 ng/mL
Tacrolimus Interactions
- Primarily through hepatic metabolism CYP3A4, inhibition or induction
- P-gp substrate
- Antacids: physical interaction => reduced absorption, separate by at least 2 hours
Cyclosporine
- Calcineurin Inhibitor
- Modified microemulsion formulation, unmodified formulation as well
- MoA: Inhibits T-cell proliferation through inhibition of IL-2 production
Cyclosporine ADME
- Absorption: erratic and incomplete, non-modified is largely dependent on food/bile/GI motility while modified is not
- Distribution: highly lipophilic (98% protein bound)
- Metabolism: CYP3A4 (extensive), p-gp
Cyclosporine Dosing
- 10-15 mg/kg/day in divided doses to attain target trough levels
- Dose adjusted based on [trough] and renal fxn ([goal] varies based on time after transplant, organ transplanted, infection)
- Therapeutic Range: 50-200 ng/mL
Cyclosporine Interactions
- Primarily through hepatic metabolism, CYP3A4 induction or inhibition
- P-gp substrate
- Anticipate and manage: high inter/intra-patient variability
- Nephrotoxic drugs should be used with caution
- Consistent administration with or without food
Mycophenolate
- Antiproliferative
- Products: MMF, mycophenolate sodium
- Prodrugs for MPA
- MoA: inhibition of ionsine monophosphate dehydrogenase IMPDH => inhibits de novo guanosine nucleotide synthesis
- Prevents T and B lymphocytes proliferation
Mycophenolate Dosing
- 200-1000 mg PO BID (MMF)
- 180-720 mg PO BID (Myfortic)
- Dosing conversion 1000 mg cellcept = 720 mg myfortic
- Myfortic is EC for DR, claims to reduce GI SE
Mycophenolate SE
- GI intolerance: N/V, diarrhea
- Leukopenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia
Mycophenolate Drug Interactions
- Aluminum/magnesium containing antacids (separate by at least 2 hours)
- Cholestyramine
- Divalent/trivalent cations (iron)
- PPI
- Oral contraceptives
Mycophenolate + Pregnancy
- Shown to cause fetal harm
- Negative pregnancy test prior to starting medication
- Women of child-bearing age required to use at least two methods of contraception
Azathioprine
- Antiproliferative
- Prodrug of 6-MP
- MoA: antagonist of purine metabolism, prevents T and B lymphocytes proliferation
- Rare Uses: intolerance to mycophenolate, women that want to become pregnant
- Dosing: 3-5 mg/kg/day initially, then decrease to 1-3 mg/kg/day