solid oral dosage formulation Flashcards
list 8 different types of tablets
Standard Tablets: are designed to provide rapid disintegration in the gastric fluid following ingestion. this allows rapid release of the drug and ultimately systemic absorption of the dosage form.
Soluble / Dispersible: soluble tablets tablets are dissolved in water prior to be taken by the patient. this helps them have a faster action because the drug is already in solution without having to wait for the tablet to breakdown after ingestion. dispersible tablets are similar but they produce a dispersion with small solid particles suspended in a solution rather than that one that is fully dissolved.
Effervescent tablets: are ones that contain organic acids such as citric acid they react with water to release co2 the buffeting action of the gas produced helps to get the tablet into solution faster.
Chewable tablets : are large tablets that are difficult to swallow, and thus chewed prior to swallowing, they are useful to patients who have difficulty swallowing or in antacid formulations in which the size of the tablet is normally large and the efficacy of the tablet is related to particle size in the stomach.
Buccal and Sublingual tablets: are flat, oval tablets that are intended to be dissolved in the cheek (buccal) or beneath the tongue (sublingual). or to enable oral absorption of drugs that are destroyed by gastric juice.
Enteric Coated tablets: have delayed release properties they are coated with a polymeric substance such as cellulose acetate. that resists solution in gastric fluid but disintegrates and allows drugs into solution in the intestine. this coating may be necessary to protect the drug or to protect the patients stomach.
Controlled Release tablets: release the active ingredients slowly, this helps to avoid a sudden spike in the drug concentration, which reduces the risk of side effects and also help maintain concentrations of the drug within the therapeutic window for longer.
the size of the mesh used depends on the final tablet, true or false?
true
what are the advantages of forming granules, list five
improving the homogeneity of the mixture.
if the excipients and active ingredients were just merely mixed together then they may separate out in the sample hopper prior to compression.
granules have increased density and better flowability, which helps to ensure that the required volume can be filled into the die in the tablet press. it also helps to ensure that there is less tablet weight variation.
Less dust is created from fine powders during the manufacturing process. Protecting the people involved in the manufacturing process.
Larger particles flow better into the tablet press.
Larger particles compress better than smaller ones.
why is mannitol, sorbitol and sucrose commonly used normally?
it pleasant taste.
describe the key component of a cube mixer
baffle (metal rods for mixing powders)
the cube
why should the mixer be in cube form
this is because the powder must fall through 90 degrees each time a different side of the cube rotates to its lowest point.
what is another shape used other than cube mixer?
Y shape
what are key properties of a diluent?
have an acceptable taste be cheap have good solubility properties be inert biocompatible
list 11 examples of possible diluent?
lactose microcrystalline cellulose calcium phosphate starch dextrose mannitol sorbitol xylitol sucrose
which machine is most used in screening, describe how it works
granulator, it is made up of a mesh and a rotating arm, the rotating arm sweeps over the crude granules and forces them through the metal mesh below. at this point evenly sized granules with the typical size of two millimetres are produced
what is the most important purpose of screening
the screening stage ensures that the granules are evenly sized, so that they will dry evenly in the drying step that follow.
what are baffles
they are metal rods in the cube mixer that ensure that the powders are mixed thoroughly
list 8 binding agents?
water methyl cellulose sucrose starch paste gelatin gum acacia polyvinylpyrrolidone
list and describe 6 different solid oral dosage forms
tablets: are solid dosage forms that are usually compressed or sometimes moulded into round or other shapes. they may be coated to, amongst other things make them more palatable.
capsules: contain the drug enclosed with either a hard or soft soluble container or shell, the shells are usually made from gelatine, however they may also be made from starch and other substances.
lozenges are flat round preparations that are intended to dissolve or disintegrate in the mouth, they contain one or more medication usually in a flavoured sweetened base.
pastilles: are traditionally soft lozenges that are more chewable in nature.
powders: are a mixture of finely divide drugs and or chemicals in dry form. dry powders can be taken orally in some circumstances but they are more likely to be contained inside capsules
granules: are agglomerates of powdered materials prepared into larger particles. they typically fall within the range of 850 micrometers to 4.75 milimetres in size.
although they can be taken directly they are more likely to be contained within a capsule.
what are the advantages of tablets
Convenient and clean Light and compact (economic) Dry (stable) Accurate dose May give controlled release Can mask taste
what are disadvantages of tablets
Difficult to swallow ( young and elderly people)
Difficult to dilute
Difficult for liquid drugs( hard to be cut into the appropriate fraction)
what does organoleptic drug mean?
coated drug
what is the key word in making tablets?
compaction.
list key properties of a good tablet? to form the basis of the quality control process.
Should be strong and able to withstand shock during manufacturing, packing, shipping, dispensing and use.
The drug content must be bioavailable and able to release contents in a reproducible and predictable way.
The tablet must be chemically and physically stable.
The tablet should have elegant product identity which is free from defects. (to ensure that patients are happy to swallow the product, which aids compliance and adhesion)
Tablets must be uniform in weight and in drug content. to ensure that the patients receive a consistent and reliable dose.
what are the key thing i should keep in mind while formulating a tablet?
A solid mass made by compaction of a suitably prepared Medicament by means of a tablet machine.’
May have various shapes
Size usually from 50 mg to 500 mg. Less than 50 mg tablets are difficult to handle.
Larger than 500 mg may be difficult to swallow. Soluble or chewable tablets (see later) may be much larger.
describe the process of moist granulation
this involves taking the active ingredients along with the appropriate excipients, and forming them first into granules prior to compression., the preparation of granules is achieved by the the use of a liquid wetting agent, hence the term moist granulation.
