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OOW General Prep SDB > Solid Foundation Full Curriculum > Flashcards

Solid Foundation Full Curriculum Flashcards

1
Q

What actions should you take when entering an area in or near restricted visibility? Also name which rules apply?

A
  • Call the master
  • Start sounding appropriate fog signals (1 prolonged not exceeding 2 min intervals, and 2 prolonged if stopped not making way)
  • Turn on Nav and other appropriate lights
  • Re-assess safe speed
  • Helm and engines on standby for immediate manoeuvre (ER informed)
  • Post extra lookouts, maintain good radar lookout
  • Close watertight doors
  • Confirm vessel position before entering fog (if possible)
  • Check bridge navigation equipment
  • Use PI lines in coastal areas

Rules 4-10, 19, and 35.

MGN 369 (M + F) Navigation in Restricted Visibility

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2
Q

List items included in the familiarisation for:

  1. Bridge main controls
  2. Bridge safety equipment
  3. Bridge general control and equipment
A
  1. Bridge main controls:
    - Helm, NFU, Emergency steering controls, Autopilot, & wing stations
    - Engine and thruster controls
    - Compasses, echo sounder, log
    - ECDIS/ECS, Radar, ARPA, AIS, VHF and GMDSS
  2. Bridge safety equipment:
    - Alarm panels (Fire and General)
    - EPIRB, SART, MOB button, watertight door controls
    - Pump and ventilation controls
    - Emergency internal communications (wired telephones)
  3. Bridge general controls and equipment:
    - Nav and signal lights, whistle and bell/gong
    - Bridge and deck lighting, Emergency search light
    - VDR/BNWAS equipment
    - Chart and publication storage arrangements
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3
Q
  1. What items would you consider in the anchoring plan?

2. What items would you consider during an anchor watch?

A

See COSWOP chapter 26 Anchoring, Mooring, and Towing.

  1. Anchoring plan:
    - Confirmed intended location for drop, permission granted from port (if required)
    - Depth of anchorage, seabed type, length of cable required, which anchor or anchors
    - Wind forecast, strength and direction
    - Tidal currents and heights
    - Comms with anchor party and bridge
    - Engine room informed and comms established
  2. Anchor watch:
    - Ensure the vessel is not dragging by checking visual transits, bearings, radar VRM’s, ECDIS and GPS alarms
    - Show appropriate lights, shapes and sounds as required
    - Maintain a proper lookout at all times
    - Monitor weather, visibility and tidal conditions
    - Conduct regular security rounds
    - Comply with MARPOL regulations
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4
Q

What items should you consider whilst navigating in heavy weather or in TRS areas?

A
  • Inform master and ER of conditions and/or forecast causing concern
  • Ensure all openings are secure and weathertight/watertight doors are closed
  • Deadlights and storm shutters fitted or on standby
  • Ensure water freeing arrangements are clear and operational
  • Run safety lines on deck
  • Restrict access on deck
  • Make sure all heavy items are secure, both above and below deck
  • Adjust course and speed (with masters permission) as required
  • Continue to monitor weather forecasts
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5
Q

What would your actions be in the event of a man overboard?

A

There are three situations possible:

  1. Immediate Action:
    The person overboard is noticed from the bridge or deck and action is taken immediately.
  • Throw the MOB a lifebuoy with attached light and smoke + post lookout
  • Activate MOB marker ECDIS & GNSS
  • Hand steering on and turn the rudder towards the MOB
  • Sound general emergency alarm
  • Inform Master
  • Sound 3 prolonged blasts on ships whistle (Oscar) to alert other vessel in vicinity of MOB + hoist Oscar flag
  • Maintain visual contact with MOB until extra lookouts are available
  • Conduct appropriate manoeuvre
  • Muster crew
  • Prepare rescue boat for launch, and any other means of recovery (nets, ladders, slings)
  • Transmit urgency/distress message as appropriate
  • Maintain a log of events
  1. Delayed Action:
    An eye witness reports the person to the bridge and action is initiated with some delay.

Williamson turn, MAYDAY, possible search pattern of MOB not seen.

  1. Person-Missing Action:
    The person is reported to the bridge as missing.

Williamson turn, and call MAYDAY, calculate time last seen and distance to run, start expanding square search.

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6
Q

What would your actions be in the event of a grounding or stranding?

A
  • Stop engines
  • Sound general/emergency alarm
  • Inform Master
  • Muster crew and passengers, check for missing persons and injuries
  • Close all watertight doors and fire doors
  • Switch to high level intakes
  • Show appropriate lights/shapes and sound signals
  • Sound bilges and tanks
  • Check for damage and fire
  • Sound around vessel to locate deep water
  • Gain tidal information
  • Consider altering ballast levels to either float the vessel or stabilise on the seabed
  • Transmit and urgency/distress call and message as appropriate
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7
Q

What would your actions be in the event of a collision?

A
  • Sound general emergency alarm
  • Muster all crew and passengers, check for missing persons and injuries
  • Close all watertight and fire doors
  • Manoeuvre the vessel to prevent further damage
  • Sound bilges and tanks
  • Check for damage and fire
  • Ready LSA/FFE as required
  • Turn on deck lights at night
  • Start damage and pollution control measures
  • Offer the other vessel assistance
  • Transmit urgency or distress message as required
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8
Q

What would your actions be in the event of a steering failure?

A
  • Call the master
  • Try both pumps and different steering modes
  • Inform Engine Room
  • Reduce speed
  • Change over to emergency steering and establish comms between the emergency steering station and bridge (wired telephone)
  • Prepare the engines for manoeuvring
  • If difficulties are experienced with emergency steering, display NUC lights/shapes and transmit an urgency message to vessels in the local vacinity
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9
Q

What would your actions be in the event of main engine failure?

A
  • Call the master
  • Steer the vessel away from danger
  • Prepare for anchoring if possible
  • Display NUC lights/shapes if anchoring is not possible
  • Update AIS status
  • In high traffic areas, transmit an urgency message to vessels in the local vicinity
  • Contact VTS or Port Control in coastal areas
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10
Q

In what scenarios should you call the master?

A
  • When required to do so by master’s standing orders
  • In difficulty to maintain course
  • If restricted visibility is encountered or expected
  • If traffic or other vessels are causing concern
  • Failure of steering/steering controls
  • Failure of main engines/engine controls
  • Failure of navigational bridge equipment, GPS, Radar, ECDIS, VHF, etc.
  • If in doubt of ships current position
  • In sighting or hearing of a distress
  • If in any doubt
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11
Q

What items would you include in a watch handover?

A

Follow the principles as described in MGN 315, SMS, and Bridge Procedures Guide;

Vessel status:

  • Vessels position, course, and speed
  • The next waypoint and overview of the next watch
  • Engine and steering status
  • Discuss traffic and any vessels causing concern
  • Weather and tidal conditions and latest forecast

Bridge navigational equipment handover:

  • Chart in use and next charts to be used
  • Radar and ARPA setup
  • ECDIS/ECS
  • Latest compass checks and errors
  • AIS
  • NAVTEX, VHF/GMDSS
  • Any faults or defects reported
  • Master’s standing orders/night orders and any special instructions
  • Any work being carried out on deck or in the engine room
  • Ensure the oncoming officer is fit for duty, well rested, free from the effects of alcohol and drugs
  • A full logbook entry is made once the handover is complete
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12
Q

What would your actions be in the event of a fire while on watch in the bridge?

A
  • Sound the fire alarm
  • Call the master and inform the engine room
  • Muster crew and passengers (muster points; bridge, fire team 1 and 2, UD muster stations), check for missing persons and injuries
  • On scene comms on status and location of restricting fire
  • Close all doors and openings incl luring fire and watertight doors
  • Shut of ventilation, power, and fuel to fire location
  • Fixed fire fighting systems activated (CO2 only on master’s permission)
  • My primary role is to remain on safe navigational watch
  • On scene proceeds with laying fire hoses and fighting initial stage of fire/evacuating area due to size, two BA teams are readied and fire hoses are prepped and master establishes a plan to extinguish the fire or restrict from spreading further
  • Transmit distress message as appropriate
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13
Q

What would your actions be in the case of a flooding?

A
  • Call Master
  • Sound the general emergency alarm
  • Close all watertight doors
  • Sound the bilges and tanks
  • Identify the area of incoming water
  • Turn off power to flooded areas
  • Try to reduce to flow of incoming water
  • Start bilge pumps
  • Auxiliary pump on standby
  • Transmit urgency/distress message as appropriate
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14
Q

What would your actions be when abandoning the ship?

A
  • With master’s permission transmit a distress message
  • Muster all crew and passengers
  • Instruct crew and passengers to don life jackets and immersion suits
  • Prepare lifeboats/liferafts
  • Collect SART, EPIRB and grab bags
  • Collect vessel documents and passports
  • Ensure painters are attached before launching and embarking of liferafts
  • Once clear of the vessel tie liferafts together
  • Follow sea survival training (sea sickness tablets, cut, stream, close, maintain, lookout, rationing, etc.)
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15
Q

List considerations whilst navigating with a pilot.

A
  • Welcome the pilot onto the bridge and introduce them to the bridge team
  • Show the pilot the location of their LSA
  • Brief the pilot of the vessels position, heading, speed, and draft
  • Inform the pilot of any defects or malfunctioning equipment onboard
  • Discuss the pilotage plan with the pilot and traffic considerations
  • Discuss the mooring/anchoring plan, mooring line and fender requirements
  • Discuss the use of tugs if required
  • Keep the engine room and crew updated as to the vessels progress
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16
Q

Coastal Navigation:

  1. What items would you consider in the planning stage of APEM for coastal navigation?
  2. What items would you consider in the monitoring stage of APEM for coastal navigation?
  3. How do you decide what distance to remain offshore?
A

See IMO Res.A893

  1. Planning stage:
    - Use of information in the sailing directions
    - Mark no-go areas and hazards to navigation
    - Mark aids to navigation for fixing position and compass checks
    - Identify tide critical areas and areas with sting currents
    - Traffic reporting requirements
    - Use of PI lines where required
    - Weather tendencies for the area and time of year, especially high winds or fog
  2. Monitoring stage:
    - Vessels position being checked and monitored at regular intervals
    - Weather forecasts are being monitored
    - Traffic is being monitored
    - MARPOL regulations are being complied with
  3. Availability of navigable safe water, quickest safe route, TRS, and more?
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17
Q

What are your considerations whilst navigating in ocean areas?

A
  • A proper lookout is being maintained
  • Weather reports and instruments are regularly checked
  • Vessel’s position is being checked
  • Compasses are being checked
  • Radar and bridge equipment are being checked regularly
  • Compliance with MARPOL regulations
  • Regular checks around the vessel (when weather permits)
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18
Q

Pre Departure Checklist:

List items to be done before putting to sea:

  1. Bridge checks
  2. Deck checks
A

Refer to SMS checklist, then;

  1. Bridge checks: Critical Equipment:
Engines
Steering
Passage Plan approved
Compasses
Radar
Echo
  • Approved passage plan on the bridge
  • Up to date weather and tidal information
  • Steering, engine, thruster controls and indicators checked
  • Radar setup, ECDIS/ECS, compasses, GPS, echo sounder and AIS updated (GMDSS checks)
  • VHF comms with the port
  • Comms with deck team and engine room
  • Lights and sound signalling apparatus checked
  1. Deck checks:
    - All persons are onboard and well rested
    - Mooring and anchoring equipment checked
    - All items secure and ready for sea
    - Water freeing arrangements checked, and all openings secure and water/weather tight
    - Security/Stowaway search complete
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19
Q

Preparation for arrival in port checklist:

List items to check before entering port:

  1. Bridge checks
  2. Deck checks
A

Refer to SMS checklist, then;

  1. Bridge checks:
6 Critical Checks:
Engines
Steering
Passage plan
compass
radar 
water tight integrity
  • VHF comms with the port
  • Check stability (e.g. stability)
  • Pilot card and boarding arrangements prepared (if required)
  • Manual steering and engine controls checked
  • Mooring/Anchoring plan briefed to deck team and engine room
  • Ships whistle tested
  • Deck lighting
  1. Deck Checks:
    - Mooring lines, heaving lines and fenders prepared
    - Capstans tested
    - Windlass tested and anchors prepared
    - Deck team briefed
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20
Q

What does MSN stand for, and who issues them?

A

Merchant Shipping Notice, issued by MCA

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21
Q
  1. What type of information is provided in an MSN?
  2. What colour paper are MSNs issued on?
  3. List some relevant MSNs
A
  1. In summary MSNs are the law. Merchant shipping notices convey mandatory information that must be complied with under UK legislation. MSNs relate to statutory instruments and contain the technical detail of such regulation.
  2. White paper.
  3. MSN 1781: Distress signals and Prevention of Collisions (ColRegs)
    MSN 1851: Large Commercial Yacht Code (LY3)
    MSN 1858: Requirements for Deck Officers on Large Yachts
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22
Q

What are the publications required to be carried onboard?

A

Information found in Master’s Guide to the UK Flag, and Mariner’s Handbook:

  • Relevant and up to date charts
  • Admiralty Sailing Directions
  • Admiralty List of Radio Signals
  • Admiralty List of Lights
  • Notice to Mariners (weekly, cumulative, and annual)
  • Admiralty Tide Tables
  • Admiralty Tidal Atlases
  • Mariners Handbook
  • Official Logbook
  • International Code of Signals
  • Nautical Almanac
  • Navigation Tables
  • Relevant MSNS, MGNs, and MINs
  • COSWOP
  • Ships Captain Medical Guide
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23
Q

Mariner’s Handbook Contents NP100

  1. What information is in the Mariner’s Handbook and what are the chapters contained within the Mariner’s Handbook?
A

Large amount of useful information to mariners, likened to the seafarer’s encyclopaedia:

  • Surveying and charting
  • Admiralty charts
  • Admiralty publications
  • Promulgation of information from UKHO
  • The sea
  • Ice
  • Meteorology
  • International organisations
  • Constraints on navigation
  • MARPOL
  • Aids to navigation
  • Military operations
  • Commercial operations
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24
Q

COSWOP:

  1. What does it stand for?
  2. What do we use COSWOP for onboard?
  3. What are some of the chapters contained within the COSWOP?
A
  1. Code of Safe Working Practices
  2. It is a guide to implementing and complying with statutory obligations and regulations under UK flag.
  3. Some chapters include:
    - Risk assessment
    - Safety officials
    - Safety signs
    - Safety induction
    - Safe means of access
    - Personal Protective Equipment
    - Permit to work system (Chapter 14)
    - Entering confined spaces (Chapter 15)
    - Hotwork
    - Working at height/over the side
    - Anchoring/Mooring/Towing operations
    - Emergency procedures
    - Fire precautions
    - Security onboard
    - many more…
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25
Q

What is involved in the Appraisal stage of passage planning?

A

IMO Res.A893 (guidance and further clarification) & MCA guide SOLAS Chapter 5 Regulation 34.

  1. The gathering of information for the intended passage and ensuring it is relevant, current, and correct.
  2. We use the information to do a risk assessment of the intended voyage looking for hazards and limitations to find the safest and most economical route from berth to berth.

Items included are:

  • Ensuring all charts (best scale, gnomic, mercator, port approach, routing) and publications are up to date for the intended passage
  • ALRS Volumes
  • MSN, MGN, MIN (Flag requirements for passage planning)
  • Annual, summary NTM
  • Weekly NTM
  • Sailing directions
  • Ocean passages of the world (distance tables)
  • Ship particulars
  • Mariners Handbook
  • List of light and fog signals
  • Nautical Almanac and time tables
  • Tide Tables/Atlases
  • Chart catalogs
  • Weather sources
  • Tidal heights, tidal windows and areas of strong current identification
  • Ports of refuge identified
  • Distances of the intended legs and due range of the vessel
  • Hazardous areas to be avoided identified

Critical Ship Limitations:

  • Crew requirements, certification and documentation are in order and valid
  • Ensure the vessel is capable of the passage, stability, watertight
  • SMS requirements
  • MARPOL requirements
  • Manning, hours of rest
  • Provisions required, fuel, oil, water, food and consumables
  • Weather trends and tendencies for the intended passage

Final Consultation with Master:

Navigator, Chief Engineer, Purser

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26
Q

What is involved in the Planning stage of passage planning?

A

IMO Res.A893

Using results of Appraisal and established hazards to put in place the actual measures required for the passage:

  1. Place a Safe Route on the Chart: Includes drawing your waypoints and ground tracks onto the chart from berth to berth. Plan to be made on primary means of navigation (Paper or Electric). Items to be included:
  2. Planning a Safe Speed: Planning out contingency where possible.
    - For crossings, the route may be a combination of great circle route and rhumb lines otherwise known as “composite route”, switch to Rhumb line before going too far North where there may be bad weather or ice warnings.
    - Courses and distances for each leg marked (gives ETAs and helps calculate fuel needed)
    - Hazards to navigation and “no go zones” marked (Req UKC found in Captain’s Standing orders) Draft, UKC, Squat, Height of Tide = No Go Limit
    - PI lines drawn in pilotage and coastal areas
    - Select lights or conspicuous objects that may be used for taking bearings
    - Wheel over points
    - Tide critical areas marked (heights and strong currents)
    - Radio reporting requirements
    - Abort points
    - Ports of refuge/contingency plans
    - VTS radio reporting requirements
    - Pilot requirements
    - ETA
    - Call Master points
    - Ensure ECDIS system “Route Check”
  3. Putting in Place Routines: Bridge manning
  4. Checking Plan for Compliance
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27
Q

What is involved in the execution stage of passage planning?

A

IMO Res.A893

  1. During this stage we add additional information to the plan closer to the time of departure. Items included are:
  • Latest Weather conditions and forecast
  • Known draft
  • Nav Warnings
  • Unacceptable hazards (forcing to change plan where needed)
  • Seaworthiness (5 C’s of Seaworthiness - certification, compliance, condition, crew, also Rest Hours, Manning, Certificates
  • Determine time of departure and calculate accurate ETAs
  • With ETAs, mark tidal heights and currents in tidal critical areas determining your departure time)
  • Expected traffic concentration on your passage (e.g. for TSS, Anchorages, Pinch points in narrow channels, etc.), inability to achieve required CPA
  • Check for any hazards to navigation in place
  • Confirm logistical details such as Pilots, berthing, and bunkering
  • Complete pre-departure checklists
  • Logbook entries made
  • Any changes to the plan due to weather or other causes need to be approved by the Master and the bridge team informed
  • Night time can Day Time Passage, Day Time could be safer

Also Reliability of Nav/Bridge Equipment:

  • Follow Bridge Procedure Guide for pre departures
  • Check Radars, compasses, AIS data
  • Test Main Engines
  • Test Autopilot
  • Test Whistle
  • Test Echo Sounder
  • Check GPS Position
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28
Q

What is involved in the Monitoring stage of passage planning?

A

IMO Res.A893

Here we are actually underway!

  • Position fixing (regular intervals never more than half the time to nearest danger, no single source, transits, 3 x position lines, electronic methods e.g. ECDIS knowing limitations see MGN 379, echo sounder, never buoys).
  • Unacceptable Hazards? follow contingency from Appraisal, change plan, appraise changes, then execute again and monitor.
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29
Q
A
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30
Q

How do you update a navigational paper chart? And describe how to check for latest updates.

A

Guidance in SOLAS Chapter 5, Reg 27 (Publications must be correct and up to date).

  • First thing I would do is to check bottom left hand corner for edition and corrections applied.
  • Refer to Latest Cumulative list (Issued Jan and Jul).
  • Check for corrections that apply to the chart, listed in the cumulative list. See library.
  • Then, Check all Weekly Notices to Mariners working back to Cumulative List, starting with most recent and working back, check publication date of hard copy (paper).
  • Check section 1 for new editions which may have been published since last Cumulative List. Then move to section 2 for a small list of corrections going by the “index of charts affected” section and looking for the appropriate CHART NUMBER.

Paper takes long, another way is online. (www.admiralty.co.uk ➡️ Maritime Safety Information ➡️ Admiralty Notices to Mariners

  • When on page, check Weekly Cumulative List (in Tab “NP 234”)
  • Then click on “About Tab”, click on NWWEBSEARCH for T’s and P’s

One can look back only 2 years, if a chart is older than 2 years then a new chart is required.

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31
Q
A
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32
Q

Sextant Error:

  1. What are the 3 adjustable sextant errors?
  2. What are the non-adjustable sextant errors?
A
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33
Q
A
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34
Q

MLC 2006:

  1. What does MLC stand for?
  2. What is the purpose of the MLC?
  3. What are the hours of rest under the MLC?
  4. What are some more topics covered by MLC?
A
  1. For young persons (Ages 16 and 17): 12 continuous hours of rest in every 24 (84 hrs per 7 days), no night work (9 hours continuous rest overnight including 0001 - 0500), 2 days off per week (may be reduced to 36 hours). Every 4.5 hours of work must include 30 minutes of rest.
    • Min requirements for seafarers to work on a ship.
      - Conditions of employment.
      - Accommodation, recreational facilities, food and catering.
      - Health protection, medical care, welfare, social security protection.
      - Compliance and enforcement.
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35
Q
A
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36
Q
A
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37
Q

MARPOL ANNEX 4:

  1. What is MARPOL Annex 4?
  2. Which vessels does Annex 4 apply to?
  3. What must a vessel do to fully comply with Annex 4?
A
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38
Q

MGNs:

1 What does MGN stand for?

  1. Who issues MGNs?
  2. What type of information is provided in an MGN?
  3. What colour paper are MGNs issued on?
  4. Can you list some relevant MGNs?
A
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39
Q

MINs:

  1. What does MIN stand for?
  2. Who issues MINs?
  3. What type of information is provided in a MIN?
  4. What colour paper are MINs issued on?
A
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40
Q

ISM CODE (2017):

  1. Define ISM, what is its purpose, and what is its objective?
  2. Which vessels must comply with ISM?
  3. What items are included in the ISM system?
  4. What certification must the vessel and the company hold for ISM?
A
  1. The purpose of this Code is to provide an international standard for the safe management and operation of ships and for pollution. The objective are to ensure safety at sea, prevention of human injury or loss of life, and avoidance of damage to the environment, in particular to the marine environment and to property.
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41
Q

ISPS Code:

  1. What does ISPS stand for?
  2. Which vessels must comply with ISPS?
  3. What items must the vessel and company have in place to comply with ISPS?
  4. What certification must the vessel hold for ISPS?
  5. What are the main objectives of the ISPS system?
  6. What are the ISPS threat levels?
A

See COSWOP chapter 6.

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42
Q

ALRS VOL 5 GMDSS:

  1. What does GMDSS stand for?
  2. What are the GMDSS sea areas?
  3. What does EPIRB stand for, and what frequencies does it transmit on?
  4. What does SART stand for, and what frequency does it transmit on?
A
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43
Q

GMDSS CHECKS:

  1. What are the daily GMDSS checks?
  2. What are the weekly GMDSS check?
  3. What are the monthly GMDSS checks?
A
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44
Q

MARPOL ANNEX 5:

  1. What is MARPOL Annex 5?
  2. What vessels does Annex 5 apply to?
  3. What must a vessel do to fully comply with Annex 5?
A
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45
Q

MARPOL ANNEX 6:

  1. What is Annex 6?
  2. What vessels does Annex 6 apply to?
  3. What are the ship exhaust gases that Annex 6 aims to reduce?
  4. What must a vessel do to fully comply with Annex 6?
A
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46
Q

SPECIAL SEA AREAS:

What are the special sea areas for ;

  1. Annex 1: Oil?
  2. Annex 4: Sewage?
  3. Annex 5: Garbage?
  4. What are the emission control areas for for Annex 6: Air pollution?
A
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47
Q

FIRE FIGHTING APPLIANCES CHECKS:

  1. What are the monthly FFA checks?
  2. What are the quarterly FFA checks?
  3. What are the annual FFA checks?
A
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48
Q

FREE SURFACE EFFECT:

  1. What is free surface effect?
  2. How can free surface effect be reduced?
  3. How does free surface effect affect a vessels stability?
A
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49
Q
A
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50
Q
A
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51
Q

TROPICAL REVOLVING STORMS:

  1. What are the requirements for a TRS to develop and what time of the year do they occur?
  2. What are the indication of an approaching TRS?
  3. Which publications would give you further information on the likelihood of tropical revolving storms when planning a passage?
A
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52
Q

FOG:

  1. What causes land/radiation fog and what time of year is most likely to occur?
  2. What causes sea/advection fog and what time of year is most likely to occur?
  3. Which publications would give you information about the likelihood of fog for a particular sea area?
A
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53
Q

ECDIS:

  1. What are the requirements for an approved ECDIS system?
  2. What inputs does an approved ECDIS system require?
  3. What are the disadvantages of ECDIS compared to paper chart navigation?
A

See MGN 379 Use of Electronic Navigation Aids

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54
Q

GPS:

  1. How does a GPS receiver obtain a position from the satellites in the GOS system?
  2. What does the term HDOP mean and when might this occur?
  3. What are the errors for the GPS?
A
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55
Q

EPIRB + SART::

  1. What does EPIRB stand for?
  2. How does an EPIRB work?
  3. What does SART stand for?
  4. How does a SART work?
A
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56
Q

PERMIT TO WORK:

  1. What is a permit to work? What type of jobs or tasks onboard require a permit to work?
  2. Which publication gives details on the permit to work system?
  3. What information would you need to fill out on a generic permit to work?
A

COSWOP Chapter 14.

  1. Checklist to be completed with signature of CP, Person doing work, and Authorised Officer.
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57
Q

DRILLS MGN 71:

  1. How often are you required to carry out fire and abandon ship drills?
  2. What is the maximum interval between on the water rescue boat drills?
  3. Where are the details of the drills recorded?
A

See COSWOP chapter 4.

Also see Large Yacht Code (LY3) for requirement of drills.

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58
Q

LSA INSPECTIONS:

  1. What are the weekly inspections of the LSA?
  2. What are the monthly inspections of the LSA?
A

MGN 71 (M + F), and SOLAS chapter 3:

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59
Q

METEOROLOGY:

  1. What are the characteristics of a High-pressure system?
  2. What are the characteristics of a Low-pressure system?
    3 & 4. What direction do highs and lows rotate in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere?
A
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60
Q

SHALLOW WATER EFFECT/SQUAT:

  1. What is squat?
  2. In what circumstances would you expect to experience squat?
  3. What are dangers of squat?
  4. What can be done to reduce squat?
A
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61
Q

What markings do you expect to see on a liferaft?

A
  • Makers name or trademark
  • A serial number
  • Date of manufacture
  • Name of approving authority
  • Name and place of servicing station where it was last serviced
  • The number of persons it is permitted to accommodate
  • Type of SOLAS pack it is
  • Length of painter
  • Max height of stowage

Provisions shall be made for making each life raft with the name and port of registry of the ship to which it is to be fitted, in such a form that the ship to which it is to be fitted can be changed at any time without opening the container.

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62
Q

Describe the MSN that lists considerations for Rescue Boat Launch practise:

A

MSN 1722

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63
Q

In short discuss the light characteristics of a life jacket.

A
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64
Q

List some SOLAS requirements for life jackets.

A

Information on requirements found in LSA Code.

  • A life jacket shall not sustain burning or continue melting after being totally enveloped in a fire for a period of 2s.
  • If an adult life jacket is not designed to fit persons weighing up to 140kg and with a chest girth of 1750mm, suitable accessories shall be available to allow it to be secured to such persons.

Adult life jacket design:
- Can be donned in 1 minute without help, guidance, or preliminary demonstration for 75% of persons completely unfamiliar with life jackets. And AFTER demonstration, donned correctly within 1 minute by all persons.
- Must be equipped with light and device to pump manually by hand or mouth
- It can be worn in only one way and exclude possibility of incorrect putting on
- Comfortable to wear
- Allow owner to jump from at least 4.5m of water while holding life jacket without injury or damage to life jacket, and from 1m with arms held overhead without injury or or damage to life jacket.
- Buoyancy not decreased by more than 5% after 24hr immersion
- Turn unconscious body upright with mouth clean of water in 5 seconds or less
Child life jacket design:
- Child jacket marked with height and weight range
- Child jacket marked with “Child’s Life Jacket”

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65
Q

Maximum time to don immersion suit?

A

2 minutes

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66
Q

Talk a bit about lifebuoys.

A

Requirements found within LSA Code (2017):

Every life buoy shall;

  • Have an outer diameter of not more than 800mm and not less than 400mm.
  • Be constructed of inherently buoyant material; it shall not depend on rushes, cork shavings or granulated cork, loose granulated material or any air compartment which depends on inflation.
  • Be capable of supporting not less than 14.5kg of iron in fresh water for a period of 24h.
  • Have a mass of not less than 2.5kg.
  • Not sustain burning or continue melting after being totally enveloped in a fire for a period of 2s.
  • Can withstand a drop from the height it is stowed above waterline in the lightest seagoing condition or 30m, whichever is greater.
  • If it is intended to operate the quick-release arrangement provided for the self-activated smoke signals and self-igniting lights, have a mass of not less than 4kg.
  • Be fitted with a grab-line not less than 9.5mm in diameter and not less than 4 times the outside diameter of the body of the buoy in length. The grab line shall be placed at 4 equidistant points around the circumference of the buoy to form four equal loops.

At least one buoy on each side shall be fitted with buoyant lifeline, length of which shall not be less than twice the height at which it is stowed above water in lightest sea going condition, or 30 meters, whichever is greater.

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67
Q

How many line throwing devices should you have?

A

SOLAS, Chapter 3, Reg 18 States that there should be at least one line throwing apparatus on board the vessel at all times.

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68
Q

Talk a bit about an HRU.

A

More information in MGN 343 (M + F), also requirements found in LSA Code (2017):

If used in float-free arrangements, it shall;

  1. Be constructed of compatible materials so as to prevent malfunction of the unit. Galvanising or other forms of metallic coating on parts of the hydrostatic release unit shall not be accepted.
  2. Automatically release the life raft at a depth of not more than 4m.
  3. Have drains to prevent the accumulation of water in the hydro-static chamber when the unit when the unit is in its normal position.
  4. Be so constructed as to prevent release when seas wash over the unit.
  5. Be permanently marked on its exterior with its type and serial number .
  6. Be permanently marked, on the unit or identification plate securely attached to the unit, with the date of manufacture, type and serial number and whether the unit is suitable for use with a life raft with a capacity of more than 25 persons.
  7. Be such that each part connected to the painter system has a strength of not less than that required for the painter.
  8. If disposable, in lieu of the requirement in paragraph 4.1.6.3.6, be marked with a means of determining its date of expiry.

Also, as in SOLAS Chapter 3;

  • Expiry is 2 years (checked every year (as per SOLAS chapter 3) by flag approved shore company)
  • Must be connected to life rafts
  • Must have a painter with adequate length for drop height
  • It holds the painter line at the weak link after strap is lashed
  • As ship sinks, tension on painter line causes the life raft to inflate
  • Tension on weak link causes painter to break from ship and foot free
  • Must be secured tightly but not over tight as this may lead to improper functioning
  • HRU must be compatible with life rafts (e.g. smaller ones for less than 6 people are incompatible)
  • Check for weather damage
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69
Q

Discuss hand flares shortly.

A

Solas Chapter 3, and LSA Code (2017);

  1. Be contained in a water-resistant casing.
  2. Have brief instructions or diagrams clearly illustrating the use of the hand flare printed on its casing.
  3. Have a self-contained means of ignition.
  4. Be so designed as not to cause discomfort to the person holding the casing and not endanger the survival craft by burning or glowing residues when used in accordance with the manufacturer’s operating instructions.

It shall;

  • Burn a bright red colour
  • Burn evenly with average intensity of 15 000cd
  • Burn for at least 1 min
  • Continue to burn after immersion for 10 seconds under 100mm of water
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70
Q

Discuss rocket (parachute) flares shortly.

A

Solas Chapter 3, and LSA Code (2017);

  1. Be contained in water-resistant casing.
  2. Have brief instructions or diagrams clearly illustrating the use of the rocket parachute flare printed on its casing.
  3. Have integral means of ignition.
  4. Be so designed as not to cause discomfort to the person holding the casing when used in accordance with the manufacturer’s operating instructions.
  5. When fired vertically reach an altitude of not less than 300m. At or near the top of its trajectory eject a parachute flare which shall;
  • Burn bright red colour
  • Burn evenly with with average intensity of 30000 cd
  • Burn period of 40 sec
  • Speed of decent no more than 5m/sec
  • Not damage its parachute or attachments while burning.

Not less than 12 rocket parachute flares shall be carried and stowed on or near the navigation bridge.

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71
Q

Discuss buoyant smoke signals shortly.

A

Solas Chapter 3, and LSA Code (2017);

The buoyant smoke signal shall;

  1. Be contained in water-resistant casing.
  2. Not ignite explosively when used in accordance with the manufacturer’s operating instructions.
  3. Have brief instructions or diagrams clearly illustrating the use of the buoyant smoke signal printed on its casing.

It shall:

  • Emit smoke of a highly visible colour at a uniform rate for a period of not less than 3 min when floating in calm water.
  • Not emit any flame during the entire smoke emission time.
  • Not be swamped in a seaway.
  • Day time use only
  • Continue to smoke when immersed in water for 10 seconds under 100mm of water.
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72
Q

Discuss Light bearing buoys.

A
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73
Q

Discuss Line-cutting Devices (Linetems)

A
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74
Q

Discuss markings on pyrotechnics.

A
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75
Q

What do you do when setting off a false EPIRB alert?

A
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76
Q

EPIRB:

  1. Min transmitting time?
  2. How often checked?
  3. What frequencies transmitted on?
A

406MHz & 121.5MHz

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77
Q

SART:

  1. Transmit on which frequency?
  2. How long do they lay in standby mode?
  3. How long do they last in interrogation mode?
A
  1. 9GHz / X-Band / 3cm
  2. 96hrs
  3. 8 hrs
  • They should work between -20 and 55 degrees of temperature.
  • Distance between each of 12 dots is 0.6 miles
  • Distance to SART once is 1 mile once arcs appear
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78
Q

How many fireman’s outfits are required on vessels?

A
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79
Q

SOLAS requirements for fire hose lengths?

A
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80
Q

Quick description of Williamson Turn.

A
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81
Q

Quick description of the Anderson Turn.

A
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82
Q

Quick description of Sharnov Turn.

A
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83
Q

MOB Digram of response.

A
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84
Q

Bridge Procedure checklist for MOB initial actions.

A
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85
Q

IAMSAR checklist for recovery of persons in the water. “On Passage To Incident”

A
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86
Q

IAMSAR MOB checklist for “Approaching the Scene” and “During the Recovery Operation”.

A
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87
Q

What is the difference between X-band and S-Band RADAR?

A
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88
Q

Name some detection characteristics of Radar targets.

A

Things that affect the detection of targets include:

  • Aspect
  • Size
  • Shape (may bounce off round objects etc)
  • Texture (Rough better than smooth)
  • Material (good conductors of electricity make good reflectors)
  • Buildings (Light houses may be hard to detect due to poor return of radar energy vs flat face buildings)
  • Coastal features (cliffs make good targets while muddy shores may reflect radar energy away)
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89
Q

Name some limitations and errors of the use of Radar.

A

Refer to MGN 379 Use of Electronic Navigation Aids.

Radar Errors:
Blind: Blind & shadow sectors
Bears: Bearing/Range discrimination 
Usually: User input
Head: Heading marker alignment
Into: Indirect echoes
Montreal: Multiple echoes
In: Interference
Summer: Side lobe errors
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90
Q

When should magnetic compasses be be adjusted?

A

When;

  • They are first installed
  • They become unreliable
  • The ship undergoes structural repairs or alterations that could affect its permanent and induced magnetism
  • Electrical or magnetic equipment close to the compass is being added, removed, or altered
  • A period of two years has elapsed since the last adjustment and a record of compass
  • Deviations has not been maintained, or the recorded deviations excessive
  • The compass shows physical defects
  • Collision or major change of latitude
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91
Q

Discuss compass checks before departure.

A
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92
Q

What are fundamental elements that make a gyro work, and what equipment relies on the gyro?

A

Gyroscopic inertia (tendency of revolving object to hold its plane) and precession (allows gyro to move in right angles to direction of added couple). This allows it to become north seeking.

  • Repeater compass
  • Course recorder
  • ECDIS
  • Autopilot
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93
Q

Difference between following compass checks:

  1. Amplitude of the sun
  2. Azimuth of the sun

What publications would you use?

A
  1. Sunrise and sunset, take bearing when sun is seen to be a semi diameter above the horizon.
  2. Any time of the day

Norrie’s Nautical Tables
The Nautical Almanac

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94
Q

Quick description of compass check using the Amplitude of the sun.

A
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95
Q

Quick description of a compass check using the Azimuth of the sun.

A
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96
Q

Describe LHA.

A

Info found in The Nautical Almanac.

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97
Q

Differences between RNC and ENC.

A

See MGN 285 (M + F)

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98
Q

Discus AIS shortly and whom are required to use it?

A

All ships over 300GT engaged in international travel, also all cargo ships over 500GT NOT engaged in international travel, and all passenger ships. Ships not required to use are leisure craft, fishing vessels, warships, coastal shore stations, even VTS centers may not be fitted with AIS.

AIS produces static and active info via VHF broadcasting;

  • Static (ships type, size, beam, IMO no, call sign, mmsi, position, course, speed), helps reduce verbal mandatory ship reporting
  • Dynamic (SOG, heading, destination, ETA, rate if turn, Nav Status such as NUC, PDV underway, etc.) changed by OOW

AIS improves information available to OOW but is not used for collision avoidance.

Mention MGN 324 NAVIGATION: Watchkeeping Safety - Use of VHF Radio and AIS

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99
Q

Describe steering gear test routines.

A
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100
Q

You encounter a vessel which is run aground, what are your actions?

A
  • Place engines on standby
  • Advise master of sighted vessel aground
  • Carry out chart assessment to include own ship position and position of the vessel aground
  • Switch on echo sounder if not on, establish UKC
  • Switch to hand steering and position lookouts
  • Communicate with vessel aground to obtain their draught and assess the extent of shoal they ran aground on
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101
Q

How do we get a safe manning document? Which MSN applies?

A
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102
Q

What is your duty as OOW when performing a navigational watch?

A

MGN 315:

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103
Q

Bridge procedure checklist for Preparation for Sea:

A

Also:

  • Secure for sea (all openings, loose items, freeing ports clear, cargo, watertight doors closed, stability info ready)
  • All crew onboard? Bridge team fit for duty, ER and Mooring stations ready, MSI checked, Stowaway search complete)
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104
Q

Pre arrival checklist e.g. after Atlantic Crossing 2 hours before entering port.

A
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105
Q

Checklist for navigating in coastal waters.

A
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106
Q

OOW duties in port.

A
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107
Q

Restricted vis checklist.

A

Refer to MGN 137 (lookout) 315 (safe nav watch), and MGN 369 (nav in res vis)

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108
Q

Describe COSWOP shortly.

A
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109
Q

Describe your understanding of safety reps and safety committees.

A
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110
Q

Basic principles of a permit to work.

A

Also see COSWOP chapter 14.

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111
Q

Describe precautions on Entering Dangerous Enclosed or Confined Spaces.

A

Refer to MGN 423, and COSWOP chapter 15:

Around: Atmosphere test
Venus: Ventilate space
Several: Secure entry
Comets: Communications established
Possess: Post attendant
Real: Rescue or Resuscitation gear
Core: Correct PPE
Power: PTW complete
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112
Q

Describe Working Aloft precautions.

A

MGN 410 (M+F), and COSWOP chapter 17:

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113
Q

What is MAIB? What and When do you have to report?

A

MGN 458

114
Q

Define Salvage.

A

A service rendered by a person who saves or helps to save maritime property in danger.

115
Q

In order to establish a valid claim for salvage award, what three conditions must be fulfilled?

A
116
Q

In the case of a salvage operation, list the advantages of using Lloyd’s Open Form”.

A
117
Q

What is the SCOPIC clause?

A

Determines the method of assessing special compensation where the salvor has prevented or minimised damage to the environment.

118
Q

The Master of a vessel in peril should:

A
119
Q

What would you expect for an ISPS Survey?

A
120
Q

What is a continuous synopsis record?

A

Form of logbook that stays with the vessel throughout its whole life, it records all changes of owner, flag, name, Class, ISM, etc.

121
Q

Explain in more depth each ISPS security level.

A

To ensure correct implementation of ship security plan, drills should be conducted at least once every 3 months, and when more than 25% of ships crew has been changed.

122
Q

What is a declaration of security?

A
123
Q

What would you expect for an ISPS Survey?

A
124
Q

What is LY3?

A

Now Red Ensign Group Yacht Code, Part A and B.

  • Part A (applicable to yacht which are 24 metres and over in load line length, in commercial use for sport or pleasure, do not carry cargo and do not carry more than 12 passengers.
  • Part B applicable to pleasure yachts of any size, in private use or engaged in trade, which carry more than 12 but not more than 36 passengers and which do not carry cargo.

See MGN 1851 (M) The Large Commercial Yacht Code

125
Q

MLC2006 code consists of which five titles?

A

See:
MSN 1848
MSN 477
MGN 474

126
Q

Crew agreements must have:

A

See MGN 477 (M)

127
Q

Who needs a SEA?

A

Every seafarer working on a UK sea-going ship to which the MLC minimum requirements apply must have a written SEA.

128
Q

What is advection fog and how does it form?

A

When warm moist air flows over a relatively cold sea surface which cools it below its dew point, sea or advection fog light a formed. It may persist even with moderate or strong winds.

In temperate and high latitudes, sea fog is most common in spring and early summer when sea temperature is at its lowest. It is particularly prevalent where the prevailing winds transport warm moist air over areas of cold water or over major ocean currents.

Parts of world where it is prevalent include British Isles, especially SW approaches to the English Channel in spring and early summer.

129
Q

What is Radiation Fog and when does it occur?

A
130
Q

What is a Frontal Fog?

A
131
Q

What is a Mistral and where does it occur?

A

The Mistral is strong North-Westerly winds that blows from Southern France into the Gulf of Lion in the Northern Mediterranean, with sustained winds often exceeding force 8.

132
Q

Describe the signs of an approaching TRS.

A
  • Barometer drops 3mb below the mean reading
  • Significant change in the direction or strength of the wind
  • A long low swell is observed from the approximate centre of the storm
  • Heavy rain, oppressive atmosphere
  • High cirrus cloud the Altostratus followed by broken Cumulus
133
Q

How do you establish the vessels location in a TRS?

A
134
Q

Define:

  1. Cold front
  2. Warm front
  3. Occluded front
A
135
Q

Verbal Glossary for winds.

A
136
Q

Verbal glossary for Visibility.

A
137
Q

Verbal glossary for Pressure Systems.

A
138
Q

Verbal glossary for wind and sea state.

A
139
Q

Describe the passage of a Depression in the Northern Hemisphere.

A
140
Q

Why would a ship right itself when an external force is introduced?

A
141
Q

Differentiate between stiff and tender vessels, how would you know from the dock?

A
  • Stiff vessel, large GM distance (G sits very low), short rolling periods - highly stable
  • Tender vessel, short GM distance (G sits very high) Small righting movements, slow to return to upright, long rolling period, large angle of heel - highly unstable

Large cargo vessels will be less affected and may be called stiff, small sail boats may be tender as they have large righting movements

142
Q

Define Stability.

A

Ability of a vessel to return to the upright when introduced to an external force.

143
Q

Describe free surface effect.

A
144
Q

Define List, Heel, and Loll.

A
  1. List: When the vessel is inclined by forces within the vessel, e.g. movement weight within the vessel. A horizontal movement of G, e.g. recovering a tender.
  2. Heel: A vessel is said the be heeled when it is inclined by an external force, e.g. from waves or wind.
  3. Loll: Describes the state of the vessel, which is unstable when upright, and which floats at an angle from the upright to one side or the other, caused by a vertical movement of G.
145
Q

Describe Chief officer’s duties for dry docking.

A
146
Q

Describe the difference between Gross Tonnage and Net Tonnage.

A
147
Q

What is the fresh water allowance (FWA)?

A
148
Q

What do you do when receiving a distress message mid Atlantic by VHF?

A
149
Q

What do you do when receiving a VHF distress message in Sea Area 1 (Solent)?

A
150
Q

You receive a distress message mid Atlantic by MF, what do you do?

A
151
Q

You receive a distress message by HF, what do you do?

A
  1. Tune to 8219KHz and listen for message
  2. Do not acknowledge
  3. If no shore acknowledgment, relay ashore by any means
152
Q

Which MGN covers medical advice by radio?

A
153
Q

Name medical short access codes for SAT-C comms.

A
154
Q

Describe your understanding of the ISM Code? And who is involved.

A

MGN 40 (M):

The ISM Code provides a safety culture for personnel both ashore and afloat. It sets an international standard for the safe management and operation of ships.

The objectives of the Code are to ensure safety at sea, prevention of human injury or loss of life, and avoiding damage to the environment, and damage to property.

i.e.

  • Safety of human life
  • Safety of the environment
  • Safety of ship and cargo

Three parties:

  • The owner
  • The master
  • Flag state
155
Q

What is the role of Flag State?

A

Flag State Control is responsible for ensuring that British vessels are inspected in accordance with both UK regulations and the appropriate international memoranda, conventions and protocols the UK has ratified and adopted.

156
Q

What is the function of Port State Control?

A

Inspection of foreign ships in international ports to verify that the condition of the ship and its equipment comply with the requirements of international regulations and that the ship is manned and operated in compliance with these rules.

157
Q

Why would a vessel experience marked changes in their manoeuvring characteristics as under keel depth changes?

A

See MGN 199 (M).

This is due to the combined effects of hydrodynamic interaction and shallow water, that is depth of water less than twice the draught.

158
Q

Where would you find information on small commercial vessel and pilot boat code of practise, including standards of construction?

A

MGN 280 (M)

159
Q

A lookout is caught using his phone during a bridge watch, which guidance note would you ask them to refer to?

A

MGN 299 (M + F) INTERFERENCE WITH SAFE NAVIGATION THROUGH INAPPROPRIATE USE OF MOBILE PHONES

Also good information for look-outs in:
MGN 315 (M) KEEPING A SAFE NAVIGATIONAL WATCH ON MERCHANT VESSELS
160
Q

Which MGN covers lifting operations and lifting equipment?

A

MGN 332 (M + F)

161
Q

ECDIS:

Name 6 compulsory alarms, and any other 5 alarms/indications.

A

Information found in MGN 379.

Compulsory Alarms:

  • Crossing safety contour
  • Area with special conditions
  • Deviation from route
  • Positioning system failure
  • Approach to critical point
  • Different geodetic datum

Other alarms/indications:

  • Malfunction of ECDIS
  • Default safety contour
  • Information over scale
  • Different reference system
  • Customised display
  • System test failure
  • Sensor input failure
162
Q

Which MGN covers guidance on working over the side?

A

MSN 422 (M)

163
Q

If a crew member needs to lay a complaint, which document can you refer them to?

A

MSN 1849 (M) MLC 2006 - On-board Complaints Procedure

164
Q

Which document contains the syllabus for the OOW 3000GT oral exam?

A

MSN 1858

165
Q

Where can you find more information on safe access or boarding arrangements?

A

COSWOP chapter 22.

166
Q
  1. What is a Parallel Indexing?
  2. Your set course is 055 degrees and current is pushing you North, so you set a CTS of 060 to compensate so you can stay on 055 COG, how do you set your PI?
A
  1. A means of continuously monitoring a vessel’s position in relation to the passage plan. Practised on coastal routes or Pilotage, helps Watch-keepers remain familiar with the technique and improves confidence of position during demanding situations.
  2. Set PI parallel to set course of 055 degrees
167
Q

Explain shortly what the publications Admiralty Tidal Tables and Tidal Stream Atlas is used for?

A

Admiralty Tidal Tables - Detail the times and heights of high and low water for standard and secondary ports in the UK and Ireland, Europe, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, and South China sea for each day of the year. Used to predict the height of tide at a specific time, perhaps for clearing a sand bar or clearing under a bridge, etc.

Admiralty Tidal Streams Atlas - A quick and visual way of knowing what the tides or tidal flow will be when out on your boat, providing information about tidal stream direction and flow.

168
Q

What is tidal range and how do you calculate it?

A

Difference between HW and LW heights: HW - LW = Range

Describe between SP or NP curve, you may need to interpolate.

169
Q

How do you remove bubbles from a magnetic compass?

A
  1. Tilt bowl until the “filter hole” comes upper most. This hope is provided on the side of the bowl.
  2. Unscrew the stud or screw.
  3. Top up with ethyl alcohol.
  4. Screw the stud or screw back into place.
  5. Gently let the bowl return to upright.
170
Q

Explain all the bits in the synoptic chart.

A
171
Q

Explain how you calculate wind speed on a synoptic chart.

A
172
Q

What is composite sailing?

A

A combination of great circle and parallel sailing in navigation. Composite sailing may save time and distance over the thumb line track without leading the vessel into danger.

173
Q

How do you use a gnomic chart?

A
174
Q

What are the functions of the 3 parties involved in ISM?

A
175
Q

What is the function of an SMS? Also name things you can find there in.

A

Requirements for the SMS can be found in SOLAS chapter 9. The SMS should comply with the requirements of the ISM Code, and include objective as defined; thus sets out guidelines on the following:

Permits to work
Voyage planning
Masters overriding authority
Hours of rest
Familiarisations
Risk Assessment 
Planned Maintenance 
Hand-over procedures
Health and Safety policy
Reporting procedures
Job Descriptions
Drill requirements 
Emergency procedures
176
Q

You receive a MAYDAY on VHF 16, as well as a DSC. You are 100M away from land and according to the DSC you are 20M away from the vessel in distress. What channel would the DSC be on and what would you do?

A
177
Q

Label some features of the sextant.

A
178
Q

Observe the sextant, is the error “ON” or “OFF” the arc? What is the exact error? Is this acceptable? If not then what would you do to fix it?

A

Exam example:

Person was shown an error reading OFF. It was reading 45 min, decimal 4. Thus needed to calculate 60 - 45.4 = 14.6 error OFF.

Not acceptable, to fix:

Index error: When the arc is set to zero, index and horizon mirrors are not parallel to each other.

179
Q

Describe the retroreflectors for all cardinal marks/buoys.

A
180
Q

What are the retroreflectors for isolated danger marks?

A
181
Q

What are the retroreflectors for a safe water mark?

A
182
Q

What is NAVTEX?

A
183
Q
  1. Describe the item in the picture.
  2. What does it tell you?
  3. How many points are in a compass and how much is each point?
A
  1. Compass rose.
  2. The amount of variation you need to account for each year to calculate variation for current year in that area of the chart. Also shows N, E, S, and W including all points in between.
  3. 32 points, 11.25 degrees each.
184
Q

Describe bank effect?

A
  • Can occur in restricted waters
  • Positive pressure created pushes bow away
  • Suction effect pulls the amidships towards to bank
185
Q

Describe interaction.

A

See MGN 199 Dangers of Interaction.

Can occur when passing or overtaking another vessel, and also in shallow waters (depth less than twice the value of own vessel’s draught). Smaller vessels draw closer to larger vessels when they are in line.

186
Q

Where does it state that the Captain has overriding authority?

A

Shipboard instructions under the ISM code.

187
Q

By comparing a wet and a dry bulb on the hygrometer, what can you work out?

A
  • Air temperature
  • Approximate humidity

Wet bulb depression.

With two temperatures you can work out relative humidity (approximately) but not the dew point as you would need a table (using wet bulb depression).

188
Q

What is the depression of a wet bulb reading?

A

The difference between the wet and dry bulb temperature.

189
Q

When using a hygrometer to predict the likely onset of fog, what steps do you follow?

A
  • Measure wet and dry bulb temps
  • Plot sea surface temp against dew point temp
  • Keep repeating the above on regular intervals to build a trend
  • Use this info to use the dew point temp
190
Q

What are sources of Met information?

A
  • NAVTEX
  • SAT C (Safety Net info from Inmarsat)
  • Publications (ALRS Vol 3)
  • Internet
  • Own Ship
  • VHF
  • Weather fax
  • Local or National Forecast posted on the Marina
191
Q

Describe the warm sector of a Low Pressure System?

A
  • Pressure stops falling
  • Wind force evens out
  • Wind begins to veer
  • Temperature rises
  • Clouds become nimbostratus, then stratus
  • Rain would stop or change to drizzle
  • Visibility could be poor
192
Q
  1. How do you know which side of a TRS you are on?
  2. Why is the dangerous semi circle more dangerous than navigable semi circle?
  3. What is the dangerous quadrant.
A
    • Wind direction
      • Ballot’s Law
  2. Here (to right of if direction of movement of the storm, in N hemisphere, TRS spins and travels at the same time creating higher apparent wind and therefore worse sea state, wind in northern section of TRS moves east to west, same as TRS therefore.
    THUS: If wind is veering you are in dangerous semi circle, if wind is backing then you are in the navigable semi circle. “Veer into danger”. “Backing is safety”.
  3. In N hemisphere it’s the forward quadrant of dangerous semi circle because the wind’s rotation pulls us towards the center with maximum apparent wind speed.
193
Q

Where would you find the quantity of flares required for the yacht?

A

Large Yacht Code 3 now Red Ensign Group Yacht Code (REG Yacht Code).

194
Q

LYC is for yachts up to what size?

A

There is no upper limit. However Large Yacht Code 3 is updated and is now REG Yacht Code.

195
Q

A Maritime Labour Certificate is valid how many years?

A

5

196
Q

Must a vessel be in present and imminent danger in order for you to provide salvage?

A

No, the danger must be such that any prudent Master would consider it reasonable to accept an offer of salvage assistance. This means that a real peril must be threatening the property at the commencement of the salvage service, but it need not be present or imminent.

197
Q

Safety inspections should be carried out at least once every ………… months.

A

3

198
Q

MGN for working aloft?

A

MGN 410

199
Q

What does DW stand for in a TSS?

A

Deep Water Route, unless you need it you should avoid it.

200
Q

You’re anchor is not holding, are you able to display NUC under these conditions?

A

Yes, it ha also been accepted that a sailing vessel which has becalmed at sea with no engine is acceptable as NUC under 1972 rules.

201
Q

You are sailing and see the flag arrangement YG, what does this mean?

A

You appear not to be complying with the TSS.

202
Q

A vessel is trying to cut between you and your tow line, what can you do to draw attention?

A

Rule 36, direct a search light towards the towline, to draw attention to the danger of the towing operation.

203
Q

What is a transverse Mercator chart and can distances be measured there on?

A
  • Used for large scale charts, and harbour plans
  • Drawn as a Mercator but turned through 90 degrees, thus parallels of latitude now equally spaced, distance can be measured at any point on scale
  • Parallels of Longitude not equally spaced, land would become distorted as one moved east or west from center of chart - due to this only used for large-scale charts covering small geographic areas
204
Q

What would you do as OOW if sailing over a shallow patch not shown on the chart?

A

Report it to the UKHO via form H.102 found in the weekly Notice to Mariners, also look in The Mariner’s Handbook as they have the email address to send the report to.

205
Q

What is an Isogonal chart?

A

“Isogonal Variation Chart” which shows the variation, given by a series of isogonal lines connecting points of equal variation; usually a separate line represents each degree of variation.

206
Q

When do you add leeway in an EP?

A

At the start as an EP is past it happened.

207
Q

A bearing of an object gives what?

A

A position line.

208
Q

Describe general SAR search patterns?

A

IAMSAR vol 3; Most search patterns consist of straight, parallel, equally spaced tracks covering a rectangular area. The distance between adjacent tracks is called the track spacing (S). Distance may be determined OSC, depending on weather, visibility, number of assisting craft, time of day, effectiveness of observers, etc.

209
Q

Provide some advice on search patterns (SAR).

A

It is advisable for vessels, especially when searching for a person in the water with either an expanding square search (SS) or a vector search (VS), to use dead reckoning (DR) navigation rather than more accurate navigation methods. DR minimises pattern distortion relative to the datum or search object, GNSS systems only assist with accurate patterns in relation to ocean floor. It’s advisable to use smoke or other highly visible object at datum position.

210
Q

Describe the expanding square search.

A
  • Most effective when the location of the object is know within relatively close limits.
  • The commence search point is always at the datum position.
  • Often appropriate for vessels or small boats to use when searching for persons in the water or other search objects with little or no leeway.
  • Due to the small area involved, this procedure must not be used simultaneously by multiple aircraft at similar altitudes or by multiple vessels.
  • Accurate navigation is required; the first leg is usually oriented directly at not the wind to minimise navigational errors.
  • It is difficult for fixed-wing aircraft to fly legs close to datum if S is less than 2NM.
211
Q

Describe a Sector Search (VS).

A
  • Most effective when the position of the search object is accurately known and the search area is small.
  • Used to search a circular area centred on a datum point.
  • Due to the small area involved, this procedure must not be used simultaneously by multiple aircraft at similar altitudes or by multiple vessels.
  • An aircraft and a vessel may be used together to perform independant sector searches of the same area.
212
Q

Name some search patterns (SAR).

A

Refer to IAMSAR vol 3 (International Aeronautical and Marine Search and Rescue Manual).

  • Expanding square search (SS).
  • Sector search (VS).
  • Parallel track search (PS).
213
Q

What is a Rhumb Line?

A

A straight line on a Mercator chart and cuts each longitude line at the same angle and can be plotted as a true course.

Cons are waisting fuel as it is not the shortest distance between two points on the earth’s surface.

214
Q

Solas Chapters:

A

Part 1:

  1. General Provisions
  2. Construction - Structure, subdivision and stability, machinery and electrical installations
  3. Life-saving appliances and arrangements
  4. Radiocommunications
  5. Safety of Navigation
  6. Carriage of cargoes and oil fuels
  7. Carriage of dangerous goods
  8. Nuclear ships
  9. Management of the safe operation of ships
  10. Safety measures for high-speed craft
    11 - (1). Special measures to enhance maritime safety
    11 - (2). Special measures to enhance maritime security
  11. Additional safety measures for bull carriers
  12. Verification of compliance
  13. Safety measures for ships operating in polar waters

Appendix. Certificates

Part 2:

Annex 1. Certificates and documents required to be carried on board ships
Annex 2. List of resolutions adopted by the SOLAS Conferences

215
Q

Is angle of lull a good or bad situation ?

A

Bad, a vessel is not seaworthy with an angle of lull.

Vessel must first be brought into stable equilibrium, having G below M. Two phases required, to correct the resultant list that has developed:

  1. Load on high side or, discharge from low side of the ship, once into stable equilibrium;
  2. Bring G back onto centreline by loading weight onto opposite side to correct resultant list
216
Q

How is a Letter of Appointment different from an SEA?

A

The Letter of Appointment passes responsibility to the Captain as representative of the owner. It can be said that his responsibility comes from the provisions described in SOLAS Chapter 5. SMS backs up ch 5.
There is a legal understanding that the Master is in full command of the ship and ha all the privileges of that command including to act as the agent for the owner.

217
Q

What is the difference between a SOLAS A and B life-raft?

A

Different quantity of contents of the life-raft.

218
Q

How long shall emergency lighting stay on for?

A

18 Hours - The electrical power available shall be sufficient to supply all those services that are essential for safety in an emergency.

219
Q

Abandon ship whistle signal?

A

Short Long Short Long

  • —— - ——
220
Q

What is the purpose of the LSA Code?

A

To provide international standards for life-saving appliances required by chapter 3 of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974.

The requirements of the Code is mandatory under the International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974.

221
Q

Describe requirements for Lifebuoy Self-Activating smoke signals?

A

Self- activating smoke signals shall;

  1. Emit smoke of a highly visible colour at a uniform rate for a period of at least 15 min when floating in calm weather
  2. Not ignite explosively or emit any flame during the entire smoke emission time of the signal
  3. Not be swamped in a seaway
  4. Continue to emit smoke when fully submerged in water for a period of at least 10s
  5. Be capable of withstanding the drop test from the height at which it is stowed above the waterline in the lightest seagoing condition or 30m, whichever is greater
  6. Be provided with a quick-release arrangement that will automatically release and activate the signal and associated self-igniting light connected to a lifebuoy having a mass of not more than 4kg.
222
Q

Basic requirements of buoyant lifelines?

A
  1. Be non-kinking.
  2. Have a diameter of not less than 8mm.
  3. Have a breaking strength of not less than 5kN.
223
Q

What are errors associated with a magnetic compass?

A
  1. Variation: Effect on Magnetic compass caused by the earth’s magnetic field, it’s present because magnetic north is not in the same place as as true north, the difference is called variation.
  2. Deviation: The effect on the magnetic compass from the ship’s own magnetic field, made up of hard and soft iron components.
224
Q

You are directed to fire a line throwing device, how do you fire it?

A

Downwind - The weight of line acts as a drag on the flight of the rocket, providing essential weight to the directional flight.

225
Q

Where would you look up the required contents of a fire locker?

A

FFS Code (Fire Fighting Systems).

226
Q

What are the three states of equilibrium in ships stability?

A

Stable, Neutral, Unstable.

227
Q

The stability of a vessel is determined by which 2 things?

A

The position of G in relation to M, and the under water profile.

228
Q

Free surface effect on a vessel will reduce stability by moving G towards M, is this a real or virtual rise of G?

A

Virtual, due to the free surface effect it’s as if we have moved G up to a virtual position.

229
Q

How do we compensate for bad weather in regard to vessel security?

A
  • Scuppers and freeing ports clear
  • Extra lashing and stowage
  • Reduce free surface to a minimum
  • Increase stability (GM)
  • Check emergency comms
230
Q

If a sextant reading is Off the Arc, do you add or subtract it from a reading?

A

Add it to the reading.

231
Q

You would have the sextant reading zero degrees and zero mins to check on which error or errors?

A

Side and Index error.

232
Q

What do you need to do a vertical sextant angle to find your position?

A
  • Take a bearing of the object you can see out of the window and on the chart
  • Measure the angle between the top of the object and the waterline
  • Use Norries to calculate the range from the table
  • Hence I have a range and bearing and thus a fix
  • The height is measured from MHWS so from all other states of tide I will be further away
233
Q

What are your duties prior to picking up a pilot?

A

Approximately 1 hour from pilot station:

Advise the master of the expected estimated time of arrival (ETA) to the pilot boat rendezvous. Establish communications with the pilot station and advise the pilot of the ships name and ETA. Continuous position monitoring should be ongoing throughout the approach.

Under kelp clearance should be monitored throughout, on approach, by use of the echo sounder.

An effective lookout would be maintained throughout the approach period.

The bridge team would be established to include changing from auto to manual steering and the positioning of extra lookouts.

Log book entries would be made throughout.

234
Q

Once the pilot is onboard, the OOW is on watch in the bridge and shall ensure what?

A

The OOW remains the masters representative despite the presence of the pilot and the absence of the master from the bridge.

The OOW maintains an effective lookout throughout the watch and pilotage period by all available means.

The OOW will continuously monitor the ships position and ensure that the vessel is not stood into danger.

The OOW will ensure that the pilot’s instructions are carried out in a correct manner provided that they do not endanger the ships progress.

The OOW will continue to monitor performance of bridge equipment and instruments, and report any defects to the master.

235
Q

Which radar would see better in rain?

A

S-Band

236
Q

What do you need for a radar to be stabilised?

A

A heading input thus Gyro.

237
Q

For collision avoidance the inputs for ARPA have to be….?

A

Heading and STW.

238
Q

Can a doppler log measure STE and SOG?

A

Yes, a doppler log works in SOG mode in shallow water and then STW in deeper water.

239
Q

Where can you find requirements on the general alarm or public address system? Explain in short.

A

LSA Code (2017);

  • General alarm 7 or more short blasts followed by one long blast on the ship’s whistle or siren, and additionally on an electrically operated bell or klaxon or other equivalent warning system.

Powered by ship’s main supply and emergency source.

More in LSA Code.

240
Q

How would you set up your radar?

A

Big Randy Girls Take Cock

Check the scanner is free so as not to foul rigging and that no crew members are working in the vicinity of the scanner.

After switching to standby wait until the set warms up, usually 3 minutes. Once in standby mode the transmitter can be turned on.

  • Brilliance: Up first so time-base trace is just visible
  • Range: usually radars middel ranges (rain, clutter, IR/interference rejection off)
  • Gain: from 0 set up to 70% till light speckle can just be seen, then turn down until speckle disappears
  • Tune: fine tuning ability of magnetron to receive frequency back.
  • Clutter (sea and rain): Sea - from center of screen out till about 3M, Rain - Entire screen, set to check through rain and set set back to normal as tuned to high may cut out target

After 10 minutes set gain again as it may gradually drift out of tune.

241
Q

What are radar errors?

A 
Side lobe errors
Spurious echoes and effects 
Radar interference 
Indirect echoes
Multiple echoes
Shadow sectors
Blind sectors
Radar horizon
242
Q

To calculate TCPA and CPA you need which letters from the WOA triangle?

A

OA is the relative motion line which if extended gives the CPA and TCPA.

243
Q

What information does the ARPA unit give you about a target?

A
  • Range
  • Bearing
  • CPA
  • Predicted time to CPA (TCPA)
  • Calculated true course of the target
  • Calculated true speed of the target
244
Q

What is the most important piece of equipment onboard?

A

Magnetic Compass, not reliant on electricity, can be used to follow a heading, can be used to establish position.

245
Q

What equipment in the bridge would alarm if the gyro failed?

A 
Autopilot
Radar
ECDIS
AIS
SAT C
246
Q

What equipment does an azimuth mirror go onto?

A

An Azimuth mirror or circle sits on top of a gyro repeater or a compass binnacle and gives bearings in relation to North.

247
Q

How do you check your compass?

A

Transits and bearings of sun.

248
Q

How would you check the compass when in sight of land?

A
  • When 2 well charter objects are in transit a compass bearing is taken.
  • A transit bearing when 2 or more objects lie on the same line
  • A true bearing is taken from the chart using parallel rulers
  • Comparison of the compass bearing and true bearing gives the compass error
  • If the deviation is required it is calculated by applying the charter variation to the compass error
  • Hence we can confirm the actual deviation for ship’s head and compare it to the deviation card
249
Q

How would you do a Compass check via the sun at sunrise or sunset?

A

Amplitude of the sun.

  • Take a bearing of the sun at rising or setting.
  • Find the declination of the sun for the day.
  • Note our latitude
  • Use the correct table in Norries to get the true bearing of the sun.
  • Compare the two and you can see either gyro error or compass error.
250
Q

DGPS stations are in which ALRS volume?

A

2

251
Q

What is the difference between ECDIS and ECS screen?

A

One gets a certificate to prove it is IMO approved.

252
Q

What is the quickest/simplest method for check compass when out of sight of land?

A

Sunrise or Sunset:

By amplitude of the sun at rising or setting. Recently also known as True Azimuths at rising and setting (Norries).

“Azimuth” at times other than sunrise or sunset.

253
Q

What is the difference between Conventions and Codes?

A

Conventions are written agreements with several part.

A Code is a set of minimum standards and requirements.

254
Q

The OOW shall when on navigational watch:

A
  • In no circumstances leave the bridge until properly relieved by an appropriate officer.
  • Continue to be responsible for the safe navigation of the vessel despite the presence of the Master on the bridge until informed specifically that the Master has assumed the con and this is mutually understood.
  • Notify the Master when in any doubt as to what action to take in the interest of safety.
  • Continue to be responsible for the safe navigation of the vessel despite the presence of a pilot onboard.
  • If in any doubt as to the pilots intentions, seek clarification from the pilot; if doubt still exists, they should notify the Master immediately and take whatever action is necessary until the Master arrives.
  • At sufficiently frequent intervals during the watch check the vessel’s position, course, and speed using all appropriate navigational aids and means necessary to ensure that the vessel follows the planned track, cannot “sometimes” use Radar, use it ALWAYS
255
Q

You are on a 600GT vessel, how many survival craft radios must you have?

A

3:

Two portable VHF transceivers for use in survival craft under 500GT, three of over 500GT

256
Q
  1. How do you know if your Radar display is North up or Course Up?
  2. Which display do you prefer?
  3. How would you know if it is Relative or True Vectors?
  4. How would you know True or Relative Trails?
  5. How do you know if you are in Ground Stabilised mode?
  6. Can you use Ground Stabilised mode for collision avoidance?
  7. How does Sea Stabilised help navigation?
A
  1. The heading marker is heading upwards.
  2. Course up or North Up, NOT Ships Head Up because Ship Head Up makes targets move around and isn’t Gyro Stabilised.
  3. Own ship would show no Vector for Relative Vectors. Whatever own ship does not have, is Relative. If own ship has a vector then it is True Vector.
  4. If own ship does not have a trail, then it’s relative trails. Own trail reflects True track of heading for True Trails, and would be visible on the radar. With a relative trail we can say that it’s relative motion.
  5. When a fixed object shows no True Trail or True Vector. Fixed targets may show racon.
  6. No, then you use own ships speed and heading over ground to arrive the course and speed over ground of other target. Therefore True Motion and True Trails are over ground, not True Motion through water - cannot determine ASPECT of other targets.
  7. Uses our Heading and Speed through water to derive Heading and Speed through water by other vessels, as we are affected by same set and drift, we can calculate accurate aspects - this is needed in order to comply with COLREGS.

Fixed targets will show a True Trail for example. Showing how it is affected by tide.

257
Q

Define Aspect.

A

The angular difference between the reciprocal of the bearing at A and heading of the other vessel.

Stated “Red/Green” with the angle in degrees.

One can use the EBL line on the radar to derive quickly what the aspect is of the other vessel.

258
Q

How do you test the performance of your radars?

A

Cannot run radar performance monitor checks with targets on screen, otherwise they will disappear. It will be performed in accordance with radar’s instruction manual and the requirements of the SMS.

They are normally part of pre departure checks, pre-arrival checks, and part of the checks prior to entering restricted visibility (cannot conduct this within restricted vis).

It is activated through the menu on the radar, but before activation, Radar is put to 24M range, put into Ships Head Up display so that it is subject to no inputs whatsoever, then radar performance monitor is switched on.

A plume would appear, use VRM to measure outer limit of plume and inner circle, then check radar’s instruction manual to make sure it meets the requirements. If the measurements do not comply then it will need to get serviced as soon as possible as it cannot be fixed by the user.

259
Q

What is the survival expectancy for a sea temperature of 10 degrees without an immersion suit?

A

Information in NP100 Mariner’s Handbook;

1 to 4 hours.

260
Q

What does TMAS stand for? Medical Related.

A

Maritime Telemedical Assistance Service (TMAS), sometimes referred to as Medico Services, because of its radio code, is a medical advice service for seafarers that can provide distant assistance and support through maritime radio, e-mail, telephone or fax.

261
Q

What vessels are required to carry a garbage management plan?

A
  • Ships certified to carry more than 15 persons.

- Over 100GT

262
Q

Describe Appraisal stage in passage planning?

A

Refer to IMO Res A.893

Appraisal is the gathering of Information, putting together information that is Relevant, Current (latest edition), and Correct (up to date with Notice to Mariners).

Then using this information to perform a berth to berth risk assessment of the intended voyage, looking for hazards and limitations.

Information will include:

  • Charts (of best scale, port approach (pilot chart), Routing (all natural conditions on it historically), Gnomic (specifically for us to plan shortest ocean route for ocean voyage)
  • ALRS: 1. Maritime Radio Stations, 2. EMS inc Time Signals, 3. Maritime Safety Info, 4. Met obs Stations, 5. GMDSS, 6. Port, Pilot, VTS
  • MSN, MGN, MIN
  • Annual Summary NTM
  • Weekly NTM Cumulative
  • Sailing Directions (Pilot Books)
  • Ocean Passage/Distance
  • Ships Particulars
  • Weather Sources
  • Mariner’s Handbook NP100
  • Guide to Symbols 5011, and for ECIDS 5012
  • Chart Catalogues
  • Nautical Almanac/Tables
  • Tide Tables/Atlases

Objectives with Appraisal include:

  • Taking into account any relevant ships routing systems
  • Sufficient sea room for safe passage of ship throughout
  • Anticipate all known navigational hazards and adverse weather conditions
  • Marine environmental protection measures that apply, avoids any activities that can cause damage

Risk Assessment Include for Nav Hazards:

  • Reduced UKC
  • Shallow areas
  • Squat interaction
  • TSS
  • VTS/Reporting
  • Tidal Flow and Rate
  • TRS
  • Traffic Density
  • Fog
  • Poor Navigation
  • Narrow Channels

Seaworthiness (Critical Ship Limitations):

  • Fuel and Water
  • Watertight
  • Publications
  • MARPOL
  • Certificates and Insurance
  • Stability
  • SMS Requirements
  • Manning

Final Consultation Before “Planning”:

Navigator:

  • Charts
  • Exact Nav Required Route
  • Calls
  • Bridge Manning

Chief Engineer:

  • Fuel
  • Water
  • E/R Manning
  • Planned Maintenance
  • Reliability

Chief Stew:

  • Visas
  • Food
  • Medical
263
Q

How do you apply a Chart Correction?

A

www.admiralty.co.uk - Maritime Safety Information - Admiralty Notices to Mariners

  • Check Weekly Cumulative List in weekly tab
  • Then click “about” tab and find T’s and P’s
  • Find any corrections to be applied
  • Confirm Chart in question is affected
  • See bottom left corner for edition date and number, and previous corrections applied to chart
  • Verify Previous Update Applied so no information is missing (always given on new corrections)
  • Apply Correction to Chart (Magenta ink and note number on bottom left corner), note T’s and P’s in pencil on back of chart and file printed copies
  • Update Correction Log
  • Check cumulative list that all correct corrections have been applied
264
Q

Describe Temporary and Preliminary Notices - T’s and P’s.

A
  • Temporary Notice (“T”) is of a Temporary Nature - notification of something happening that will NOT result in any permanent changes to the chart (perhaps temporary buoys, etc)
  • Preliminary Notice informs mariners of works which WILL result in a permanent change to the chart or a new edition.

T’s and P’s are written on the outside of the Chart (in little printed box) in pencil and plotted if necessary on the chart in PENCIL (if it directly affects our passage plan).

Lastly T’s and P’s are filed for quick reference when needed.

265
Q

Describe Seaworthiness.

A

5 C’s of Seaworthiness:

  • Certification
  • Compliance with Class and Flag
  • Compliance being fit for voyage
  • Crew
  • Condition (Stability, Watertight integrity, Manning, Equipment in good condition, Main Machinery Reliability)
266
Q

Describe a depression on a synoptic chart.

A
267
Q

Primary role of DPA?

A

Provide a direct link between the vessel and the highest level of management, which in the company is the Managing Director.

DPA has overall responsibility for the content, introduction, and document control of all matters relating to the Company’s SMS. Additionally the DPA is to monitor the safety, pollution free operations of the yacht as well as applicable Maritime Labour Convention aspects he has full access to the Managing Director and is supported in this function by the operations department.

268
Q

Name ALRS Vol 1 to 6:

A

Can: 1. Coast Radio Stations
Randy: 2. Radio Navigation Aids
Maidens: 3. Maritime Safety Information
Make: 4. Meteorology Observation stations
Good: 5. GMDSS
Partners: 6. Pilot services, VTS & Port Operations

269
Q

Name examples of AtoN, also name standard buoy shapes.

A

Special structures such as light houses, beacons, buoys, that are used to enhance safety by providing more opportunities to obtain LOP’s.

Standard buoys shapes include:

270
Q

Define “period” on chart references.

A

The time in seconds needed for one complete cycle of changes.

271
Q

Define luminous range. Also describe standards for describing reduced visibility in marine forecasts.

A

Maximum distance at which a given light signal can be seen by the eye of the observer at a given time, as determined by the meteorological visibility prevailing at that time.

It does not take into account height of eye, or curvature of the earth.

Standards to describe reduced visibility:

Very poor: <0.5 NM
Poor: 0.5 - 2 NM
Moderate: 2 - 5 NM
Good: >5 NM

272
Q

Define Nominal range.

A

The luminous range when the daytime meteorological visibility is 10 NM, which is 74% transmission. Nominal range is generally the figure used in official documentation such as nautical chart, lists of lights, etc. Nominal range assumes that the light is observed against a dark background, free of background lighting. If not stated in the chart, consult the list of lights.

The luminous range is the effective nominal range when the atmospheric visibility is NOT 10 NM.

273
Q

Define Geographic range.

A

Geographic range is based on the elevation of the light, the height of the observer and the curvature of the earth. A higher light means that it’s horizon is farther away, see distance of horizon.

Similarly, if the observers height of eye is higher than sea level the light can be seen beyond its geographic range. i.e. the dipping range.

So, a light - perched at 70m high - with a geographic range of 20 NM will not be detectable by the human eye (eye at 2m) at a distance of 6 NM, if…

  1. …the nominal range is just 5 NM, since the light is not very bright.
  2. …the luminous range is just 5 NM, due to a “light haze”.
274
Q

Define visible range.

A

When comparing the geographic range with the light’s luminous range, then the lesser of the two ranges is the range at which the light will first be sighted: the visible range.

275
Q

What is meant by bobbing a light? and what is loom?

A

When first sighting a light, an observer can determine if it is on the horizon by immediately reducing his height of eye. If the light disappears and the reappears when the observer returns to his original height, the light is on the horizon. This process is called “bobbing a light”.

Loom: it is possible to derive a compass bearing from the loom of a light by the reflection of the light against the clouds (due to limiting factor of geographic range one may be further away still and only see loom).

276
Q

Distance of lighted buoy?

A

The range of a lighted buoy is never indicated, but on a clear night the maximum range is 3 NM, yet often considerably less.

There are two visual clues to determine your distance from a buoy, at about 0.5 NM, the light will rise up from the horizon, and at about 200m, the light will reflect in the surface.

277
Q

What would be your actions in the events of a fire whilst keeping safe navigational watch?

A
  • Call Master
  • Sound General emergency alarm
  • Shut down ventilation system
  • Muster crew to fire control stations
  • Conduct fire control procedures
  • Assess proximity to navigational hazards; traffic, etc. and manoeuvre as appropriate
  • Broadcast URGENCY / DISTRESS as appropriate
  • Inform VTS or Port Authorities as appropriate
  • Maintain log of events
278
Q

What would be your actions within a TRS at sea?

A

Northern Hemisphere:

  • If in dangerous semicircle, proceed as fast as possible with wind on stb bow.
  • If in navigable semicircle, proceed as fast as possible with wind on stb quarter.

Southern Hemisphere:

  • If in dangerous semicircle, proceed as fast as possible with wind on port bow.
  • If in navigable semicircle, proceed as fast as possible with wind on port quarter.
279
Q

What is the role of MCA?

A

Legislation and guidance is promulgated in various forms, e.g. COSWOP, Shipping Notices, REG code, Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code).

Regulatory function.

280
Q

What certificates do you hand over to Captain?

A

Described in MGN 1858:

  • MCA COC
  • Passport
  • Seaman’s Discharge Book
  • Signed SEA
  • STCW (First Aid, Sea Survival, Fire Fighting, Security Awareness)
  • PSSR Personnel Safety and Security Responsibilities

OOW General Prep SDB (1 decks)

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