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PCT 411 > Solid Dosage Forms I > Flashcards

Solid Dosage Forms I Flashcards

1
Q

What is a dosage form?

A

It is the physical form by which drug molecules are delivered to their site of action.

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2
Q

What are solid dosage forms?

A

Solid dosage forms are dosage forms which are solid in physical
form.

They are made up of an active pharmaceutical ingredient
or a combination of active pharmaceutical ingredients and
excipients, most of which occur in solid state.

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3
Q

What is a powder?

A

A pharmaceutical powder is defined as a dry, solid dosage form, composed of finely divided drugs with or without excipients and intended for internal or external use

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4
Q

What are the 2 forms in which powders may exist?

A
  • Crystalline
  • Amorphous
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5
Q

Mention 5 chemical and physical features used to characterise powders.

A
  1. Morphology
  2. Purity
  3. Solubility
  4. Flow properties
  5. Bulk and tapped densities
  6. Particle size
  7. Compatibility with other formulation components.
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6
Q

Mention 4 advantages of powders.

A
  1. Better physicochemical stability than liquid dosage forms.
  2. Suitable for children or adults who have difficulty swallowing capsules and tablets.
  3. Effective for providing larger dose than other dosage forms
  4. Mixing of multiple medical agents provides great versatility to the medicine through therapeutic synergy
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7
Q

Mention 4 disadvantages of powders.

A
  1. Drugs with unpleasant taste are difficult to consume in powder form.
  2. Powdered medicine is heavy and bulky
  3. Hygroscopic drugs cannot be dispensed in powdered form
  4. May not be suitable for oral administration where the medicine my harm the stomach or be inactivated in the stomach.
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8
Q

What are the processes involved in the preparation of powders?

A

i. Particle size reduction
ii. Sieving
iii. Weighing each ingredient
iv. Mixing
v. Packaging

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9
Q

Size reduction is also called:

A
  • Comminution
  • Pulverization
  • Grinding
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10
Q

Mention 4 methods of large-scale size reduction with examples.

A
  1. Compression: Application of positive pressure e.g. ball mill.
  2. Impact: Hitting stationary material e.g. hammer mill
  3. Shear: cutting force e.g. colloid mill
  4. Attrition: breaking the edges of the solid by impact or particle collision e.g roller mill, fluid energy mill
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11
Q

Mention 4 methods of mixing powders.

A
  1. Spatulation
  2. Trituration
  3. Geometric dilution
  4. Tumbling
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12
Q

Spatulation is suitable for large quantities of powders or for powders containing one or more potent substances.

True or False

A

False.
It is not suitable because homogenous blending may not occur.

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13
Q

Which mixing method is most suitable when potent substances are to be mixed with large amounts of diluent?

A

Geometric dilution.

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14
Q

How are powders to be packaged?

A

Powders may be wrapped in paper or dispensed in bulk powder in a wide
mouth container.

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15
Q

Mention 6 types of powders.

A
  1. Bulk powder
  2. Insufflations
  3. Powder sprays
  4. Effervescent powder
  5. Divided powders
  6. Dusting powder
  7. Douche powder
  8. Dentifrices

BIPED4

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16
Q

How are bulk powders packaged?

A

They are supplied in wide-mouthed containers that permit easy removal of a spoonful powder.

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17
Q

The major problem with bulk powders is inaccuracy of dose. Mention 2 factors that may affect dosage.

A
  1. Measuring spoon
  2. Humidity
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18
Q

How are dusting powders packaged?

A

In a glass/metal container with a perforated lid (sifter top containers)
to allow powders be dusted to the affected area.

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19
Q

Differentiate between the 2 categories of dusting powders.

A

Surgical powders are used mainly in body cavities, on burns and umbilical cords of infants as a result of major wounds

Medical dusting powders are used for superficial skin conditions.

20
Q

What are the most common ingredients used in dusting powders? Why are they used?

A

Talc and Kaolin.
They are inert.

21
Q

Mention 5 uses of dusting powders.

A
  1. Antiseptic
  2. Astringent
  3. Absorbent
  4. Antipruritic
  5. Antiperspirant
22
Q

What is a douche powder?

A

Douche powder is a powder drug that is used for the cleaning solutions of intimate body parts for hygiene.
They are kept in metal foil bags.

23
Q

What are insufflations?

A

Insufflations are extremely small particles of pharmaceutical powders to be injected into the body cavities.

Insufflations are medicated dusting powder meant for introduction into body
cavities such as, nose, throat, ears and vagina with the help of an apparatus
“Insufflator” .

24
Q

What are divided powders?

A

Divided powders, or chartulae, are single doses of powdered drug mixtures individually enclosed in paper, plastic laminates, or metallic foil wrappers or packets e.g. powdered laxatives.

25
Q

What are the two components necessary for the evolution of gas in effervescent powders?

A

i. A soluble carbonate e.g. sodium bicarbonate
ii. An organic acid e.g. citric acid, tartaric acid

26
Q

What are tablets?

A

Tablets are solid unit dosage forms of medicaments, with or without suitable excipients, prepared by molding or compression.

26
Q

Mention 5 advantages of tablets.

A
  1. Easy to swallow
  2. Easy to carry
  3. Easy and cheap to package and transport
  4. Suited to large-scale production
  5. Pharmaceutical elegance
  6. Unpleasant taste may be masked by sugar coating
  7. Easy to dispense and control by pharmacists
  8. Formulation of special release profile drugs
27
Q

Mention 3 disadvantages of tablets

A
  1. Some drugs are resistant to compression
  2. Drugs with poor wetting or dissolution may be hard to formulate
  3. Drugs that are sensitive to oxygen or moisture may require encapsulation before compression.
28
Q

What are the properties of a good tablet?

A

i. Elegant
ii. Free of defects
iii. Chemically and physically stable
iv. Predictable and reproducible drug release

29
Q

Mention 5 types of tablets.

A
  1. Compressed tablets
  2. Sugar-coated tablets
  3. Enteric-coated tablets
  4. Film-coated tablets
  5. Chewable tablets
  6. Effervescent tablets
  7. Matrix tablets
  8. Sublingual tablets
30
Q

What are the excipients added in the formulation of tablets by direct compression?

A

i. diluent
ii. Compression aid
iii. Disintegrant
iv. Lubricants and glidants

31
Q

Mention 3 methods used in the preparation of tablets.

A
  1. Direct compression
  2. Dry granulation
  3. Wet granulation
32
Q

The materials may be compressed directly if they have:

A

i. crystalline properties
ii. Free flowing properties
iii. Binding characteristics

33
Q

Briefly describe the two methods of granulation.

A

Dry granulation: make use of roller compaction or slugging to achieve agglomeration.

Wet granulation: Use granulation liquid with or without binder to achieve agglomeration.

34
Q

Mention 5 technological innovations of wet granulation.

A
  1. Steam granulation
  2. Moist granulation
  3. Thermal granulation
  4. Melt granulation
  5. Freeze granulation
  6. Foam granulation
  7. Reverse wet granulation
35
Q

What are the factors that should be taken into consideration when formulating tablets?

A

i. Drug dose
ii. Excipients
iii. Compression pressure
iv. Friability
v. Appearance
vi. Disintegration and dissolution of tablets

36
Q

What are the functions of excipients?

A

i. To enhance stability e.g. antioxidants
ii. Patient acceptability e.g. colourants, flavour
iii. Aid in manufacturing e.g. binder, lubricants
iv. Aid in product identification e.g. colourants
v. To optimise drug release e.g. disintegrants

37
Q

What are excipients?

A

Pharmaceutical excipients are any substance other than the active
drug product which is included in a drug formulation to either aid manufacture, identification, enhance stability, performance, or patient acceptability.

38
Q

What are diluents? Classify them with examples.

A

Diluents are excipients added to make the required bulk for tablet formulation.

They are divided into:
i. Organic materials: sugars, starches, cellulose.
ii. Inorganic materials: Dicalcium phosphate dihydrate
iii. Co-processed materials: Emdex®, Ludipress®.

39
Q

What are binders? Give 5 examples.

A

Binders are excipients added to tablet formulations to impart cohesiveness to powders.
Examples:
i. Sucrose
ii. Liquid glucose
iii. Acacia
iv. Tragacanth
v. Guar gum
vi. Methylcellulose
vi. Ethylcellulose

40
Q

What are disintegrants?

A

Disintegrants are agents added to tablet or capsule formulations to facilitate the breakup or disintegration of the tablet or capsule into smaller particles that dissolve more rapidly in the gastrointestinal fluids.

41
Q

What are the mechanisms of tablet disintegration?

A

i. Capillary action
ii. Swelling
iii. Heat of wetting
iv. Particle repulsive force
v. Deformation
vi. Release of gases
vii. Enzymatic function

42
Q

Give 3 examples of disintegrants.

A
  1. Starch USP
  2. Starch 1500
  3. Carbon dioxide
  4. Explotab®
43
Q

Give 3 examples of glidants.

A
  1. Talc
  2. Starch
  3. Powdered cellulose
44
Q

Give 3 examples of lubricants.

A

A. Insoluble
i. Talc
ii. Waxes
iii. Stearates

B. Soluble
i. Boric acid
ii. Sodium benzoate
iii. Sodium oleate
iv. Sodium acetate

45
Q

Give 3 examples of antiadhesive/antisticking agents.

A

i. Talc
ii. Corn starch
iii. Stearates

PCT 411 (3 decks)

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