Solid Dosage Forms Flashcards
Intimate mixtures of dry, finely divided drugs and or chemicals (internal or external use)
POWDERS
Advantages of Powders
flexibility in compounding
disadvantages of powders
easily wetted by liquids, inaccuracy of dose, not for hygroscopic
mortar and pestle (small scale)
Trituration or Comminution
cutter mill, roller mill, hammer mill (large scale)
Milling
form a smooth paste (L agent: mineral oil, glycerine, propylene glycol)
Levigation
addition of a volatile solvent (camphor + OH, iodine crystals + ether
Pulverization with Intervention
(no. 8 particle size)
Very Coarse
(no. 20 particle size)
Coarse
(no. 40 particle size)
Moderately Coarse
(no. 60 particle size)
Fine
(no. 80 particle size)
Very Fine
for potent substances
Geometric dilution
Blending Powders includes:
- Trituration
- Spatulation
- Sifting/Lifting
- Tumbling
- Geometric dilution
Substances that form eutectic mixtures:
Camphor, Menthol, Thymol, Aspirin, Phenyl salicylate
Inert diluents to prevent eutexia:
Light magnesium oxide, Magnesium carbonate
intended to be used internally or externally
Medicated Powders
administered by inhalation with the aid of dry powder inhalers
Aerosol Powders
medicated preparations provided to the patient in bulk non potent medicaments
Bulk Powders
also antibiotic syrups reconstituted before use
Oral
cleansing and polishing the teeth; may contain fluoride
Dentifrices
intended for the cavity
Douches
formulated in sifter top
Dusting Powders
medicated powders designed to be blown into the ear, nose, throat or body cavities by means of a device known as an insufflator
Insufflations
the finely powdered, medicinal substance is ground for a certain time in a mortar and pestle with a certain proportion of sugar and milk
Triturations
“chartula” each dose is separately wrapped in paper or sealed in a sachet (for
Divided Powders
no moisture resistant properties
White bond
limited moisture resistant qualities
Vegetable parchment
moisture resistant paper
Glassine
waterproof
Waxed
SDF in which medicinal agents and or inert substances are enclosed in a small shell of gelatin
CAPSULE
It is prepared by the enzymatic hydrolysis of collagen, which is the main protein constituent of connective tissues in animal bones and skin
Gelatin
(acid hydrolysis of porcine skin)
Gelatin A
(base hydrolysis of bovine bones)
Gelatin B
measure of gelatin rigidity ( HGC: 200-250g; SGC: 150g)
Bloom strength
used in extemporaneous compounding, shell made from gelatin + sugar + water
Hard Gelatin Capsules
moisture conc of hard gelatin caps
12-15/ 13-16% moisture
adding 0.15% sulfur dioxide in HGC (capsules)
to prevent decomposition during manufacture
processes involving HGC
Punch Method, Hand operated Filling Machine
made of gelatin + glycerin or polyhydric alcohol (sorbitol) for elasticity and plasticity
Soft Gelatin Capsules
moisture conc of soft gelatin caps
5-8/6-10% moisture
SGC are used for:
Water immiscible volatile and non volatile liquids
Water miscible non volatile liquids
Water miscible and relatively non volatile compounds
processes involving SGC (capsules)
- Plate process
- Rotary die process
- Reciprocating die process
- Accogel Capsule Machine
mixture of active substances and excipients, usually in powder form, compacted into a solid
TABLET
made by (Wet granulation, Dry granulation, Direct compression)
COMPRESSED TABLETS
sugar for palatability; adds 50% to tablet bulk
Sugar Coated
broken and chewed before ingestion ; mannitol (50% of tablet bulk); xylitol (sugar free)
Chewable Tablets
coated with a thin layer of a polymer capable of forming a skinlike film; less bulky
Film Coated
disintegrate in intestinal fluid ; delayed release
Enteric Coated (ECT)
compressing the fill material more than once
Multiple Compressed
( multiple layered)
Layered
coated/Dry coated ( tablet within a tablet)
Press coated/Dry coated
aka prolonged re lease or sustained release ; releases the med over a period of time
Controlled Release (CR)
ex. Halazone tablets and KMnO 4 tablets for solution
Tablets for Solution
compressed granular effervescent salts; Na bicarbonate + citric acid + tartaric acid
Effervescent Tablets
dissolved at the buccal/cheeks of the mouth
Buccal Tablets
dissolved under the tongue
Sublingual Tablets
designed to release their medication with no rate controlling features
Immediate Release
have drug release features based on time, course, and/or location
Modified Release
aka Controlled Release ; release medication over an extended period
Extended Release
release at a time other than promptly after administration
Delayed Release
2 single doses, one for immediate, another for delayed
Repeat Action
directed towards a region, tissue, or site of absorption
Targeted Release
small, usually cylindrical tablet w/ small amounts of potent drugs
MOLDED TABLETS/TABLET TRITURATE
aka Compounding Tablets ; for extemporaneous compounding, never dispensed as DF
Dispensing Tablets (DT)
no longer used because of the difficult y in achieving sterility
Hypodermic Tablets (HT)
aka Vaginal inserts ; bullet or ovoid shaped inserted for local or systemic effects
Vaginal Tablets
Contains one or more medicinal agents in a flavoured, sweetened base intended to dissolve
slowly in the mouth
Lozenges
Sugar based lozenges on a stick and contain fentanyl citrate
Lollipops
Compressed lozenges; discoid shaped
Troches
Molded lozenges, Softer and has a higher concentration of sugar or gelatin
Pastilles
SDF other than suppositories for insertion to body orifices
Inserts
Small, sterile SDF containing a concentrated drug for SC implantation where it continuously
release the medication over long periods
Implants/Pellets
Lactose
Coarse granular (60 80) Regular (100) Spray dried (100 120)
Advantages of lactose:
Inexpensive Readily soluble High MP (202°C) Advantages of spray dried: Flows readily (spherical granules) Flow maintained even when wet granulated No need for binders For direct compression method
Disadvantages of lactose
Lubricants required
Binders may have to be added when
other substances interfere with
cohesion
advantages of starches
Also used as binders and disintegrants Provide moisture balance even though moisture content is 12 14% Stabilize hygroscopic drugs (protect them from deterioration)
advantages of mannitol
For water sensitive drugs
For chewable (sweet, negative heat of
solution cooling sensation
disadvantages of mannitol
Expensive
advantages of sorbitol
For direct tableting
disadvantages of sorbitol
Very hygroscopic above 65% RH
advantages of sucrose
Provide additional sweetness
Serves as binder (cohesive)
Contributes to dissolution (readily
soluble)
disadvantages of sucrose
Somewhat hygroscopic (should only be
in small ratio)
Turns brown with acidic or basic subst
advantages of Microcrystalline Cellulose
Avicel
For direct compression
At 5 15% conc in wet granulations:
a. Minimizes tablet hardening
b. Reduces mottling
disadvantages of Microcrystalline Cellulose
Avicel
Needs lubricant (when drug is present)
Expensive
provide mechanical strength
Binders/Granulators
10-20% w/w
Starch Paste
10-20% w/w
Aqueous gelatin solution
25-50% w/w
Aqueous glucose solution
5% w/w
Alcoholic solution of ethylcellulose
Acacia, Alginic acid, Compressible sugar (Nu Tab), Povidone
Others
Starches
Corn and Potato
Clays
Bentonite and Veegum
Cellulose
Methylcellulose, Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose, Microcrystalline cellulose
Algins
Alginic acid and sodium alginate
Gums
Locust bean, karaya, guar, tragacanth, agar
Effervescent mixtures
Disintegrates rapidly
Enables to flow from hopper
Glidants
Prevent adhesion to dies and punches
Reduce friction
Release tablet from die
May improve flow
Lubricants
Prevent residue films on punches
Antiadhesives
examples of glidants
Silicon dioxide (Cabosil)/Colloidal silica
Cornstarch
Talc
examples of lubricants
Talc
Stearates
Mineral oil
Stearic acid
examples of antiadhesives
Magnesium stearate
Talc
