SOLE OF THE FOOT

Question 1

O: medial tuberosity of calcaneum and flexor retinaculum
I: base of proximal phalanx of big toe
N: medial plantar nerve
A: flexes and abducts big toe; braces medial longitudinal arch

Answer 1

FIRST LAYER - Abductor hallucis

Question 2

O: medial tubercle of calcaneum
I: four tendons to four lateral toes inserted into borders of middle phalanx; tendons perforated by those of flexor digitorum longus
N: medial plantar nerve
A: flexes lateral four toes; braces medial and lateral longitudinal arches

Answer 2

FIRST LAYER - Flexor digitorum brevis

Question 3

O: medial and lateral tubercles of calcaneum
I: base of proximal phalanx of fifth toe
N: lateral plantar nerve
A: flexes and abducts fifth toe; braces lateral longitudinal arch

Answer 3

FIRST LAYER - Abductor digiti minimi

Question 4

O: medial and lateral sides of calcaneum
I: tendon of flexor digitorum longus
N: lateral plantar nerve
A: assists flexor digitorum longus in flexing lateral four toes

Answer 4

SECOND LAYER - Quadratus plantae

Question 5

O: tendons of flexor digitorum
I: dorsal extensor expansion; bases of proximal phalanges of lateral four toes
N: FIRST LUMBRICAL - medial plantar nerve
REMAINDER - lateral plantar nerve
A: extends toes at interphalangeal joints

Answer 5

SECOND LAYER - Lumbricals (4)

Question 6

O: posterior surface of shaft of tibia
I: bases of distal phalanges of lateral four toes
N: tibial nerve
A: flexes distal phalanges of lateral four toes; plantar flexes foot at ankle joint; supports medial and lateral longitudinal arches of foot

Answer 6

SECOND LAYER - Flexor digitorum longus tendon

Question 7

O: cuboid, lateral cuneiform, tibialis posterior insertion
I: medial tendon into medial side of base of proximal phalanx of big toe; lateral tendon into lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of big toe
N: medial plantar nerve
A: flexes metatarsophalangeal joint of big toe; supports medial longitudinal arch

Answer 7

THIRD LAYER - Flexor hallucis brevis

Question 7

O: posterior surface of shaft of fibula
I: base of distal phalanx of big toe
N: tibial nerve
A: flexes distal phalanx of big toe; plantar flexes foot at ankle joint; supports medial longitudinal arch of foot

Answer 7

SECOND LAYER - Flexor digitorum hallucis longus tendon

Question 7

O: Oblique head bases of second, third, and fourth metatarsal bones; transverse head form plantar ligaments
I: lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of big toe
N: deep branch lateral plantar nerve
A: flexes metatarsophalangeal joint of big toe; holds together metatarsal bones

Answer 7

Adductor hallucis

Question 8

O: base of fifth metatarsal bone
I: lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of little toe
N: lateral plantar nerve
A: flexes metatarsophalangeal joint of little toe

Answer 8

THIRD LAYER - Flexor digiti minimi brevis

Question 9

O: adjacent sides of metatarsal bones
I: bases of proximal phalanges first; medial side of second toe REMAINDER; lateral sides of second, third, and fourth toes also dorsal extensor expansion
N: lateral plantar nerve
A: abduction of toes; flexes metatarsophalangeal joints and extends interphalangeal joint

Answer 9

FOURTH LAYER - Interossei
Dorsal (4)

Question 10

O: inferior surfaces of third, fourth, and fifth metatarsal bones
I: medial side of bases of proximal phalanges of lateral three toes
N: lateral plantar nerve
A: adduction of toes; flexes metatarsophalangeal joints and extends interphalangeal joints

Answer 10

FOURTH LAYER - Interossei
Plantar (3)