Sokolowski - Intro (Ch. 1 - 3) Flashcards
What is the “doctrine of intentionality”
Every act of consciousness is directed toward an object of some kind (i.e., consciousness of, experience of)
What is “intending”
A conscious relationship we have to an object.
What is the “egocentric predicament”
The position of thinking that the Cartesian, Hobbesian, and Lockean traditions have had us in.
What is the “epistemological dilemma” we get from the egocentric predicament?
That we are separating away potential knowledge of the world.
What are the general characteristics of intentionality?
Highly differentiated (fill rest of the answer out later)
What are interwoven forms of intending?
A layering of intention.
What are “judgments”
Articulating the presentation of parts of the world, not just arranging ideas or concepts in our minds.
What is “partial perception”
Only being able to perceive one part of the object being given at any moment.
What is it to ‘cointend”
Intending the object’s potentially visible parts that are given as absent.
What is the “objective dimension”
A mixture of present and absent.
What is the “subjective dimension”
Made up of filled and empty intentions – activity of perceiving – a mix of intending the present and the other parts intending what is absent (or “other sides”)
What are “modalities of perception”
(Fill answer here later)
What is “potential presentation”
(Fill answer here)
What senses present the object?
Vision & touch.
What senses present the material the object is made of?
Hearing, taste, & smell.
What are the three layers in “what” is presented to us?
(1) Sides, (2) aspects, & (3) profiles.
What are “sides”
The different ways in which the object is given.
What is an “aspect”
Each of the ways the side is given.
What is a “profile”
Each momentary view, a temporarily individuated presentation of an object.
What is intersubjective in our perception of experience?
Objects, sides, and aspects.
What is private and subjective in our perception of experience?
Profiles.
What does “perception” involve?
Layers of synthesis and layers of manifolds of presentation, both actual and potential.
What is “identity”
It is the “thing itself,” that is given continuously in and through the layers of difference that are presented by it in experience. It is public and available to all.
What is the relationship between consciousness and the identity?
Consciousness intends the identity of objects, not just the flow of appearances presented to it.
What arises in the transition from perception to intellection?
It is when a perceived object becomes a state of affairs or a fact.
What does the recognition of identity belong to?
To the intentional structure of experience.
What are the three formal structures in Phenomenology?
(a) Parts and wholes, (b) identity in a manifold, and (c) presence and absence.
The three are interrelated but cannot be reduced to one another.
What are the two parts of “wholes”
(1) Pieces and (2) moments.
What are “pieces”
Parts that can subsist and be presented even apart from the whole. So it can be detached from their wholes (also called “independent parts.”
Pieces become wholes themselves when separated and are no longer parts. They’re parts that can become wholes.
What are “moments”
Parts that cannot subsist or be presented apart from the whole to which they belong (aka “non-independent parts”). They cannot be detached.
What are examples of “pieces” that is given by Sokolowski?
Acorns, leaves, and branches as being pieces of the tree they came from. The pieces become wholes themselves when separated and are no longer parts.
What are examples of “moments” given by Sokolowski?
The color red, musical pitch, and vision. These are considered “moments” because they’re all dependent upon something.
Why can’t “moments” be wholes?
The characteristic expression of moments are that they cannot be except as blended with other moments.
In physics, for example, there can be no momentum without mass and velocity or can there be acceleration without mass and force, nor can there be any current without voltage.
How is it that particular items can be a piece in one respect while being a moment in another?
A piece can be separated from the object it was initially attached to. An acorn, for example, can be separated from its tree and as an object of perception it cannot be separated from a background. So the acorn is a “moment” in that it cannot be separated from its relationship with the tree.
What does it mean if a thing is “founded” upon another thing?
It means that a perceptual difference is layered upon another difference that is deeper than itself. For example, shade is founded upon hue and hue is founded upon color.
Also, multiple differences can be simultaneously layered upon a deeper difference. For instance, pitch and timbre can both be immediately founded upon sound.
What is it called when a layer of difference is in between what is founded upon it and also what it is founded upon?
The layer of difference is “mediating” between what is founded upon it and what it is founded upon. For example, shade is mediately founded upon color through hue. Hue, being closer in proximity to color, is immediately founded upon color.
What is “concretum”
Something that can exist, present itself, and be experienced as a concrete individual.
Pieces can be concretum and moments cannot. Concretum “drag along their moments with them.”
What are “abstracta”
They are moments simply by themselves, being thought of abstractly. Abstracta becomes possible through language. The problem with being able to express them through language is that it may lead one to assume concretum of an abstracta whereby it creates an artificial philosophical “problem.”
What is “mind”
The mind is a moment to the world and the things in it. It is essentially intentional. Furthermore, mind and being are moments to each other.
Are “profiles, aspects, sides, and identity” abstracta or concretum?
They are abstracta because they are all moments to each other.
Where do we run into a problem with “abstracta”
The problem happens when we try to introduce a separation instead of making a distinction.
What is the necessity in the way moments are arranged into a whole?
Moments mediate for others. Aspects mediate between profiles and sides, sides mediate between aspects and the whole itself.
What is an “identity in manifolds”
(find good answer)
What is an “expression”
It is the aspect of what is expressed.
What is an “exprimend”
What is expressed.
What is the “meaning” of a thing
It is the identity that is within and yet behind all of a phenomena’s expressions.
What are a handful of things the identity of the “Normandy Invasion” sustained through?
Direct experience, remembering, through reading of the news, authoring a book about it and/or reading a book about it, an event celebration, movies, television, actual film of the event, etc.
What does identity transcend?
Its manifold of presentations, it goes beyond them. An identity is not merely the sum of all of its appearances. It both reveals and conceals itself.
What is “phenomenological analysis”
It is the description of the manifold that is proper to a given kind of object.
What is the manifold of an appearance?
Identity
What can the intersubjective perspective between the self and others produce?
It can heighten the being and identity of a thing when these two are introduced to each other through an appreciation of another’s understanding of identity.
What is “self-identity”
It is the interplay of memories, imaginations, perceptions, in the flow of our awareness of interior time.
What is a ‘filled intention”
It is an intention that targets something that is there, in its bodily presence, before the one who intends.
What is an “empty intention”
It is an intention that targets something that is not there, something absent, something not present to the one who intends.
What is an “intuition” in Phenomenology?
It is the presentation of a thing to us as opposed to having it intended in its absence. When an object is presented to us, we intuit it.
What are some ways “absence” is intended?
Absences (a) that are given after a presence, (b) that we have before a presence, (c) of having seen before, (d) of never seeing.
What is phenomenological analysis trying to distinguish between presence and absence?
It tries to spell out the blends of presences and absences, of filled and empty intentions, that belong to the object in question.
What does an “intuitive presentation” play off of?
It plays off of empty intentions directed to the thing in its absence. Intuition becomes much more understandable by being contrasted with empty intentions and their absences.
What dimensions are distinct in an object?
The dimension of the object itself, of presence, and of absence. Though distinct, the object itself is only existent as being capable of presenting and absenting itself.
How have “concepts” and “ideas” been typically spoken of in contrast to the phenomenological approach?
They have been recognized as a thing that is “not there” of an object that is present and through that we reach toward the absent thing. We recognize it separately as a “concept” through intending the object’s absence.
Do we live beyond the world of the five senses?
According to phenomenology we do in that we live beyond the present: future, past, distant, transcendent, the unknown, and the suspected.
What is the “objective side” of our intentionality
It is when object and identity are given across presence and absence.
What is the “subjective side” of our intentionality
It is the exercise of empty intentions. We intend the object emptily and these empty intentions can be filled when we succeed in intending the object in actual presence.
What is an empty intention correlated with?
The absence of an object.
What is a filled intention correlated with?
The presence of an object.
What are the three acts that Sokolowski mentions?
(1) The act of intending, (2) the act of recognition, (3) and the act of identification.
What is a “fulfillment”
A step in “filling up” an empty intention(s).
What is a “signal of presence”
It is a sign that the intended object is presented in some form or another.
What is an “intermediate fulfillment”
A fulfillment that is a step which stands between an empty intention or a preceding step and the next step of fulfillment to the object itself.
What are the two kinds of fulfillment?
(1) Graded or cumulative and (2) additive
What is a “cumulative” (or graded) fulfillment?
A chain of fulfillment that each intermediate stage points onward.
What is an “additive fulfillment”
A fulfillment that provides more and more profiles on the thing in question. It adds a deepening of our understanding of what we have brought to intuitive presence.
