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soils fert test 1 > Soils fert test 1 > Flashcards

Soils fert test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Grew a willow tree only using rain/distilled water

His theory was wrong but contributed to science

A

Jon Baptiste

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2
Q

Repeated and confirmed Baptiste experiement with willow and water,analyzed plant samples,believed plants contained spirits,salts,earth and oil (lipids) were formed from water

A

Robert Boyle

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3
Q

Suggested that saltpeter made plants grow and that it was the prinicple nourishment and not water
Collected soil from cattle pens and found it was high in KNO3 then applied to plants and saw an increase in growth

A

J.R. Glauber

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4
Q

Grew spearmint in rainwater(small),river water(med),sewage (big) sewage waste with a different concentration (bigger) the growth of water was proportional to the amount of impurities in the water Conclusion was that the earth was the prinicple in vegetation

A

John Woodward

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5
Q

Dicovered oxygen,plants and animals respire by brining organic food,increase in weight because they fixed CO2,plants take up nutrient ions

A

Priestley

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6
Q

Plants get most of their C from CO2,water is the source of hydrogen and oxygen,soil is the source of elements in the ash

A

Justus Von Liebig

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7
Q

A status of a soil to supply elements essential for plant growth w/o a toxic concentration of any element

A

soil fertility

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8
Q

What effect has technology had on crop production?

A

Nitrogen,breeding and genetics,weed control,Ag practice (ex: no till)

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9
Q

Decrease in yeilds depend on…

A

Crop,soil,climatic region

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10
Q

If we stopped using fertilizers we will have to increase land by _____ to _____ %

A

30-40

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11
Q

Highest yeilds you can get from a crop when all factors are present

A

yeild potential

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12
Q

What factors effect crop growth?

A

There are over 50 factors but there are 3 groups:Climatic Factors,Soil factors,Crop factors

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13
Q

What are examples of climatic factors?

A

Precipitation,relative humidity,Air temp,light,altitude,wind,CO2

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14
Q

Whats are examples of soil factors?

A

Organic matter,Texture,structure,Cation exchange capacity,base saturation,Slope and topography,soil temp,soil depth,soil management factors

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15
Q

What are examples of crop factors

A

Crop species and variety,Planting date,seeding rate and geometry,seed quality,evapotranspiration,water availabilty,nutrition,pests,harvest efficiency

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16
Q

What have genetic factors done for crop production?

A

Increased wheat and corn yeild potential,genetic engineering-higher yeilding varieties,modern hybrids and varieties require more plant nutrients

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17
Q

Why do plants use a great deal of available solar energy to achieve high yeilds?

A

Because max potential yeilds based on available solar energy for most crops exceeds current crop yeilds

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18
Q

What are the max potential yeilds for corn,soybean,and wheat?

A

Corn 600 bu/acre Soybeans 250 bu/acre wheat 300 bu/acre

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19
Q

What are the 3 global stresses that reduce crop yeilds?

A

Plant available water,temp,nutrient availabilty

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20
Q

To achieve high yeilds why most both controllable and uncontrollable must operate in unison?

A

Cont and uncont factors are interrelated and they can work together to either increase or decrease plant yield

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21
Q

What is law of the minimum?

A

The most limiting factor will detirmine yeild potential

nutrient availability is eesential for max plant growth and yeild potential

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22
Q

How many nutrients are considered essential elements?

A

17

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23
Q

What is an essential element?

A

One that is required for plant growth and developement
Plants cannot complete life cycle w.o this element
Involved in metabolic function of plants

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24
Q

Basic molecular components of carbs,proteins,lipids,and nucleic acids

A

Carbon

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25
Q

Like carbon and occurs in all organic compounds

A

Oxygen

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26
Q

Plays central role in plant metabolism

A

hydrogen

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27
Q

Component of many important organic compounds from proteins to nucleic acids

A

nitrogen

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28
Q

Central role in plant energy tranfer and protein metabolism ATP

A

Phosphorus

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29
Q

Activates over 80 enzymes and plays a role in osmotic and ionic regulations

A

Potassium

30
Q

Plays a major role in cell division

A

Calcium

31
Q

Component of chlorophyll and cofactor of enzymatic activities

A

Magnesium

32
Q

Cell enerrgetics

A

Sulfur

33
Q

What two groups are essential elements divided into?

A

Macro and mircro

34
Q

What are the 3 ways the amount of elements in the soil system be detirmined?

A

Soil test,tissue,test,deficiency symptomes

35
Q

When a concentration is low enough to severely limit yeild

A

Deficiency

36
Q

The nutrient concentraion in the plant below which a yeild response to added nutrients occurs

A

Critical range

37
Q

Nutrient concentration range in which added nutrients will not increase yeild but can increase nutrient concentration

A

Sufficient

38
Q

When concentration of essential element or other elements is high enough to reduce plant growth and yeild

A

Excessive or toxic

39
Q

Which has a greater effect on growth correction of deficiency or nutrient concentration?

A

deficiency correction

40
Q

What are the most abundant nutrients in plants?

A

C,H,O these are found in water and CO2 and ultilized in photosynthesis

41
Q

What two components are used to make carbs?

A

CO2 and H2O

42
Q

What are carbs used for in the plant?

A

Synthesize amino acids,proteins,sugars,nucleic acid and other organic compounds

43
Q

Classifcation of essential elements is based on…

A

The amount consumed by the plant

44
Q

What are macro elements?

A

N,P,K,S,Ca,Mg

45
Q

What are micro elements?

A

Fe,Cl,Zn,Molybdenum,Manganese,Na,Cu, and cobalt

46
Q

What are the 2 forms of nitrogen absorbed by plants?

A

NH4+ and N03-

47
Q

plays a major role in protein formation,photosynthesis?

A

nitrogen

48
Q

functions in energy storage and transfer

A

Phosphorus

49
Q

acts as an energy currency within plants and powers every engery requiring biological process in plants

A

ATP

50
Q

What key roles does potassium play in plants?

A

Enzyme activation,H2O relationns (osmosis and transpiration) energy relations,translocation of assimilates,nitrogen uptake

51
Q

This is the passive transport of nutrients to the root in soil water

A

Mass flow

52
Q

the amount of the nutrients reaching the root by mass flow depends on what 3 factors

A

1.Concentration of nutrients in soil solution,rate of H2O transport and rate of H2O flow into roots

53
Q

what affects water uptake by plants and has an effect on nutrient uptake by mass flow?

A

Transpiration rate

54
Q

What 4 factors affect nutirent supply by mass flow?

A

soi; properties,climatic conditions,solubility of the nutrients,and plant species

55
Q

Mass flow can meet the crop nutrient req. for all nutrients except…

A

N,P,K,Fe,Mg

56
Q

Why cant mass flow meet the nutrient req for N,P,K,Fe,Mg?

A

mass flow supplies most mobile elements to the roots

57
Q

What are the mobile nutrients?

A

Negatively charged- NO3,Cl- and So42-

58
Q

The movement of ions from areas for high concentration to low concentration

A

diffusion

59
Q

what to elements are moved to the roots by diffusion?

A

P and K

60
Q

When does diffusion take place?

A

when the supply of nutrients to the root vicinity is not sufficient to satisfy the plant demand by mass flow and root interception

61
Q

the rate of diffusion is directly proportional to the….

A

concetration gradient

62
Q

what two processes are inportant to supplying ions to the plant root?

A

Diffusion and mass flow

63
Q

The _____ phase has to supply the ____ liquid phase with the ions

A

solid,liquid

64
Q

in what form are nutrients absorbed?

A

ionic

65
Q

What kind of process is ion uptake by intake plants?

A

Catenary

66
Q

once ions enter the root cell they are transported from cell to cell towards the ______.

A

xylem

67
Q

What 2 ways does ion uptake occur?

A

Actively and passively

68
Q

absorbed by the root hairs move through the epidermis,cortex,endodermis,and stele to finally reach the xylem for transport

A

ions

69
Q

The xylem transports the ____. the pholleum supplies ____.

A

H2O and elements,photosynthates

70
Q

active nutrient uptake requires____ and occur across plant cells

A

energy

71
Q

the plasma membrane is selective based on ______.

A

permeability

soils fert test 1 (1 decks)

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