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Soils > Soils Exam 1 > Flashcards

Soils Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Pedon

A

A 1X1X1.5 M DEEP UNIT OF SOILIS REFFERED AS A PEDON.

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2
Q

Regolith

A

Volume of soil between surface and bedrock

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3
Q

Soil functions

A
  • Supports plant life in our biosphere
  • Harbors thousands of types of saprophytes (organisms that eat or decompose dead organisms)
  • Serves as foundations for homes, industries and highways
  • Absorbs harmful contaminants from surface h20
  • Filters pathogens/parasites from waste water
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4
Q

Four ways soils support plant life

A
  • Anchor plant roots
  • Supply water for plan roots
  • Supply air for plant roots
  • Furnish roots for plant growth
  • Release water with low levels of nutrients
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5
Q

Types of rocks

A
  • Igneous Rocks
  • metamorphic rocks
  • Sedimentary rocks
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6
Q

Rocks

A

Collection of minerals

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7
Q

Hydrologic Cycle

A

Breaks rocks to form soils

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8
Q

Rock + Rain=

A

The current landscape+soil

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9
Q

Five hills lope position

A 
Summit
Shoulder
Back slope
Foot slope
Toe slope
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10
Q

Soil forming processes

A
  • Losses(erosion)
  • Additions(deposition)
  • Translocation
  • Transformation
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11
Q

Soil forming factors

A
  • Parent material
  • Topography
  • Climate
  • Time
  • Organisms
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12
Q

Different types of parent materials

A
  • Alluvium-water-river-flood plains
  • Colluvium-gravity-foot slope
  • Lacustrine-water-lakes-dried up lake beds
  • Aeolian-wind-wind blown deposits
  • Marine-ocean-exposed ocean deposits
  • Glacial till-retreating glaciers-broad glacial plains
  • Glacial outwash-melt water from glaciers-areas with in glacial areas
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13
Q

Soil Horizons

A
  • surface
  • topsoil
  • subsoil
  • substratum
  • bed rock
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14
Q

Texture

A 
Soils containing large
amounts of sand exhibit
little plasticity and cannot
retain large amounts of
water or nutrients. They
have large voids
(macropores) that readily
transport water and air.
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15
Q

Mineral fraction of soils

A

Sand Silt Clay
Diameter of particles
0.05-2 mm 0.002-0.05 mm <0.002 mm

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16
Q

Soil Color

A 
 Useful tool for providing
information about other
soil properties
 Organic matter content
 Soil minerals
 Seasonal high water tables
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17
Q

Structure

A 
The arrangement of
primary soil particles into
compound particles or
aggregates.
 The type and grade of
structure plays an
important role in the
movement of water within
soils.
18
Q

Minerals particles having an average diameter>2mmare termed gravel..

A

and are not used to calculate soil texture

19
Q

NOT TRUE ABOUT TEXTURAL CLASSES

A

They are closely related to its color
There are 11
They are related to structure

20
Q

Dull-gray coloration of an iron-rich mineral soil profile, particularly with increasing depth, indicates

A

saturation or seasonal water table

21
Q

The hue of a soil is considered non-existent, and denoted as N, when the:

A

Chroma is 0

22
Q

Soil color can be highly indicative of:

A
  • OM content, parent material, and/or degree of seasonal saturation (drainage)
    B) Sand content, parent material, and/or calcium content
    C) Soil fertility (namely base saturation)
    D) OM content and nematode infestation
    E) Horizon depth and load-bearing capacity
    F) Sand content and shrink-swell characteristics
23
Q

Redox depletions, localized pockets of soil where anaerobic conditions persist, take on a ‘gley’ color in which chroma is low (less than or equal to 2) and value is typically:

A

greater than or equal to 4

24
Q

Which type of soil structure is common in soil horizons dominated by shrinking-swelling clays?

A

Wedge

25
Q

Which soil structure most impedes movement of water through the soil?

A

Massive

Platy

26
Q

In the majority of upland soil profiles, this component of soil color increases with depth:

A

Value

27
Q

The hue of a soil is considered non-existent, and denoted as N, when the:

A

Chroma is 0

28
Q

Which type of soil structure is common in soil horizons dominated by shrinking-swelling clays?

A

Wedge

29
Q

Soils residing in the ‘sand’ textural class are often specified in construction of important, highly-trafficked turfgrass systems to enhance long-term:

A 
- Infiltration and permeability
B) Cation exchange capacity (CEC)
C) Erodibility
D) Available water holding content
E) Shrinking and swelling characteristics
30
Q

Of the following soil properties, which is least-related to soil texture?

A 
-Soil color
B) Permeability
C) Soil textural class
D) Available water holding content
E) Erodibility
F) Infiltration
G) Shrink-swell characteristic
H) Porosity
31
Q

If you excavated a perfect 3x3x3-cm cube of dry soil and determined it’s mass to be 40 grams, the bulk density of that soil is:

A

1.48 g/cm3

32
Q

Imagine you have a pure quartz sand. Furthermore the sand is exactly 50% pore space by volume. Knowing the particle density of quartz to be 2.65 g/cm3, what’s the bulk density of this pure quartz sand?

A

1.325 g/cm3

33
Q

You find a steel ring having a 4 cm inner diameter, a height of 1.5 cm, and a mass of 7 grams. Nice find! Imagine you took that ring to the field, packed it with soil, dried it in an oven, and let it cool. Later, you determine the oven-dry soil and ring (together) weigh 30.6 grams. What is the bulk density of the soil you collected?

A

1.4 g/cm3

34
Q

A dry soil clod weighs 48 g. When you then tie a string around it, dip it in hot wax, and determine the volume of water it displaces, you realize this dry, water-tight, SOIL CLOD has a volume of 27.5 cm3! Using 2.65 g/cm3 for particle density, what do you estimate the porosity within the soil clod to be?

A

less than 35%

35
Q

You find a steel ring having a 8 cm inner diameter, a height of 1.5 cm, and a mass of 32 grams. You feel lucky and want to do the right thing, so you take it to a field, pack it with soil, dry it in an oven, and let it cool. Later, you determine the oven-dry soil and ring (together) weigh 148.9 grams. Using a particle density of 2.65 g/cm3, what do you estimate the porosity of the soil you collected to be?

A

41.5 %

36
Q

simplistic

A

a surface blend of ssc and or organic matter material in witch plans grow

37
Q

Weathering: Physical Breakdown

A

expansion/contraction

abrasion

38
Q

Weathering: Chemical Alteration

A

decomposition of minerals

hydrolysis

39
Q

Primary minerals

A

created with magma deep with in the earth

40
Q

Secondary minerals

A

formed at earth surface from chemical(weathering) of primarily minerals

Soils (1 decks)

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