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Humans and the environment > soils > Flashcards

soils Flashcards

1
Q

how much nitrogen does organic matter add to the soil

A

90-95%

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2
Q

How much extra sulfur and phosphorus does organic matter put in the soil

A

25%

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3
Q

how does organic matter aid soil structure

A

helps with aeration

increases aggregation of soil particles

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4
Q

what is organic matter

A

it is soil made up of many different plant and animal residues

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5
Q

what are the 4 different soil development processes

A

1) Accumulation of materials
2) Leaching and losses
3) Transformation and illuviation
4) Podsolisation and Translocation

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6
Q

what is the accumulation of materials?

A

where different materials gather, might be by water, ice, wind. the start of soil formation

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7
Q

what is leaching and losses

A

where the different minerals and materials are washed out or taken up by plants. physical and chemical properties of the soil and parent material changed

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8
Q

what is transformation and illuviation

A

3rd stage of soil formation where materials transform due to chemical weathering. soil is washed from upper horizons into lower ones. animals and plants speed up this process

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9
Q

what is podsolisation and translocation

A

final stage of soil formation when clay minerals are broken down by strong acidic solutions then distributed among the different horizons. this process is also responsible for the colour changes in soil.

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10
Q

what are the 5 different soil forming factors

A

1) parent material
2) biological activity
3) climate
4) topography
5) time

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11
Q

what is the size of a transmission pore? in micrometers

A

50

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12
Q

what is the size of a storage pore? in micrometers

A

50-0.5

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13
Q

what is the size of a residual pore in micrometers

A

smaller than 0.5

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14
Q

what is the function of a transmission pore? 3 answers

A

drainage

root penetration

gas movement

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15
Q

what is the function of a storage pore?

A

holds water for plant growth

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16
Q

what is the function of a residual pore? 2 answers

A

holds water that is unavailable to plants, controls the mechanical strength of the soil

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17
Q

Rocks with a lower Si content break down more quickly?

T/F

A

true

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18
Q

H2O = H(+) +OH(-) is the equation for?

A

Hydroloysis

19
Q

What are the 5 soil functions

A
  • medium for plant growth
  • recycling system
  • habitat for soil organisms
  • engineering medium
  • system for water supply and purification
20
Q

what are the 5 different soil horizons that can be found in a soil profile?

A
  • O
  • A
  • E
  • B
  • C
21
Q

what does the O horizon consist of?

A

organic matter which is made up of plant and animal residues

22
Q

what does the A horizon consist of?

A

mixture of minerals and organic matter

23
Q

what does the E horizon consist of?

A

zone where soil is depleted of most of its materials due to leaching and losses

24
Q

what does the B horizon consist of?

A

The zone of accumulation (translocated humus, translocated silicate clays)

25
Q

what does the C horizon consist of?

A

Parent material

26
Q

what are the two main types of parent material?

A

Sedentary (pre-glacial geology)

Transported (Drift)

27
Q

what are the 4 different transport processes that cause material drift?

A
  • Ice: glacial
  • Water: glacial, alluvial
  • Wind: aolian
  • Gravity: colluvial
28
Q

whats the difference between soil structure and soil texture?

A

soil structure is the arrangement of soil particles into groups or aggregates.

soil texture is the relative proportions of various sized particles (sand, silt, clay) within a given soil.

29
Q

how does the soil structure influence plant growth? 3 answers

A
  • aids water movement
  • aids aeration
  • helps with heat transfer
30
Q

whats the difference between bulk density and particle density?

A

Bulk density is the mass of soil particles and pore space combined

Particle density is the mass of soil particles without pore space

31
Q

Why is soil water so important? 5 answers

A
  • Its a Crop requirement
  • its a Solvent
  • it creates Chemical reactions
  • helps with Transport of nutrients
  • Air and temperature regulator
32
Q

name the two micropores

A

storage and residual pores

33
Q

a transmission pore is a type of pore from which class?
micropores
or
macropores

A

macropore

34
Q

how do soil colloids effect plant growth

A

nutrient ions used by plants are held on the colloid surface

35
Q

what is the optimum temperature for nitrogen fertilisers?

A

25-30 degrees

36
Q

amount of organic nitrogen in soil?

A

94-98%

37
Q

amount of mineral nitrogen in the soil?

A

1-2%

38
Q

All the soil pores are water filled - is the definition of?

A

saturation

39
Q

what is gravitational water?

A

water held in the saturated soil that drains away under gravity

40
Q

field capacity is defined as?

A

when all of the gravitational water has drained away after heavy rain

41
Q

permanent wilting point is?

A

when the plant can no longer obtain water rapidly enough to recover from turgidity overnight

42
Q

available water is defined as?

A

the amount of water held in the soil between the limits of field capacity and wilting point

43
Q

Unavailable water is defined as?

A

amount of water held in the soil that is beyond permanent wilting point

Humans and the environment (1 decks)

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