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Idk > Soil Science (Soil and Plant Nutrition) > Flashcards

Soil Science (Soil and Plant Nutrition) Flashcards

1
Q

Fundamental materials of which all matter is composed.

A

Elements

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2
Q

Any substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by ordinary chemical processes.

A

Elements

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3
Q

A substance that provides nourishment essential for growth and the maintenance of life.

A

Nutrient

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4
Q

Three criteria for essential nutrients

A

1.) A deficiency of it makes it impossible for the plant to complete the vegetative or reproductive stage of its life cycle

2.) Such deficiency is specific to the element in question, and can be prevented or corrected only by supplying this element.

3) The element is directly involved in the nutrition of the plant.

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5
Q

Enumerate the beneficial elements

A

Sodium
Silicon
Cobalt

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6
Q

Beneficial elements are not necessary to a plant life cycle but they can improve the plant’s performances under optimal or stressful conditions.

A
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7
Q

Beneficial elements can improve plant health at low concentrations but has toxic effects at high concentrations.

A
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8
Q

Frame work elements

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

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9
Q

2 classification of mineral elements

A

Macronutrients and Micronutrients

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10
Q

Macronutrients are further divided into 2:

A

Primary Nutrients and Secondary Nutrients

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11
Q

Enumerate the Primary nutrients

A

Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium

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12
Q

Enumerate the secondary nutrients

A

Calcium
Magnesium
Sulphur

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13
Q

Enumerate the 8 micronutrients

A

Zinc
Copper
Manganese
Iron
Boron
Molybdenum
Chlorine
Nickel

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14
Q

1% = _______ ppm

A

10,000

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15
Q

100 ppm = _____%

A

0.01%

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16
Q

Nitrogen is absorbed by plants in the form of _____ and _______.

A

NO3 (Nitrate)
NH4 (Ammonium)

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17
Q

Sulfur is absorbed in the form of

A

SO4(-2) / Sulfate

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18
Q

Phosphorus is absorbed in the form of

A

H2PO4 and HPO4 / Phosphate

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19
Q

Mobile elements

A

N, P, K, Mg

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20
Q

Immobile elements

A

Ca, S, B, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn

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21
Q

Deficiency of mobile elements occur in the ________ growth, while immobile element deficiency occur in the ____ growth.

A

Old growth; New Growth

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22
Q

General symptoms of nitrogen deficiency is reduced growth and chlorosis

A
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23
Q

Phosphorus deficiency symptoms in corn

A
  • Purple or reddish color in older leaves
  • Overall stunting that may persist throughout the season
  • Lower yield
  • Most often occur in young plants
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24
Q

Sulfur deficiency symptoms

A
  • Chlorosis, but on younger leaves first
  • Delayed maturity
  • Stunting
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25
Q

Nutrient uptake by plants

A
  1. Root interception
  2. Mass flow
  3. Diffusion
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26
Q

This is the most important form of movement for most cations, especially nutrients like P and K

A

Diffusion

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27
Q

Sources of Essential Elements in Soil

A
  1. Organic matter
  2. Soil minerals
  3. Adsorbed nutrients
  4. Others: rainfall, fertilizer application
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28
Q

This is the major source of nutrients for the plants and is the source that is most easily controlled by man.

A

Adsorbed nutrients

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29
Q

It is the element that limits plant growth and used by plants in largest quantities.

A

Nitrogen

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30
Q

The source for all nitrogen (70%)

A

Atmosphere

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31
Q
  • Component of al proteins, enzymes, and chlorophyll
  • Regulates the use of K, P, etc.
  • Has the quickest and most pronounced effect on plants
  • Very mobile in nitrate form
A

Nitrogen

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32
Q

Sources of nitrogen

A
  1. Legumes (Rhizobium)
  2. Plant residue (C/N ratio)
  3. Animal residue
  4. Rain (oxide forms of N made by lightning are brought to the soil)
  5. Industrial wastes
  6. Fertilizers
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33
Q

It is the conversion of atmospheric N2 to NH3 in cells. It represents a major input of N to many soils.

A

Nitrogen fixation

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34
Q

The process of converting Soil organic N to NH4.

A

Ammonification / Mineralization

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35
Q

Process of transforming NH4 to NO3

It is the microbial oxidation of ammonium (NH4) to nitrate (NO3) occurs under aerobic conditions.

A

Nitrification

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36
Q

Process of transforming NO3 to N2

A

Denitrification

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37
Q

Plant nitrogen turn into soil organic nitrogen through ______.

A

Decomposition

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38
Q

Microbial nitrogen will turn into soil organic nitrogen through _____.

A

Decomposition

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39
Q

Through non-symbiotic N fixation, N2 will turn into _______.

A

Microbial N

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40
Q

Through symbiotic N-fixation, N2 will turn into ______.

A

Plant Nitrogen

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41
Q

NH4 and NO3 will turn into Microbial N through ____.

A

Immobilization

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42
Q

NH4 and NO4 will turn into Plant N through ________.

A

N Uptake

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43
Q

It is the incorporation of N to microbial bodies

A

Immobilization

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44
Q

The conversion of mineral N (nitrate and ammonium) to the organic form.

A

Immobilization

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45
Q

Reduction of NO3 to N2, NO, and N2O

A

Denitrification

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46
Q

__________ is carried out by facultative anaerobic bacteria and requires wet, anaerobic, reducing condition.

A

Denitrification

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47
Q

Excess nitrite will cause

A
  • decreasing biodiversity
  • favoring new species invasion
  • production of toxins
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48
Q

_________ is the loss of nitrogen as gaseous ammonia (NH3)

A

Volatilization

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49
Q

Phosphorus is important because:
1. Component of
a) DNA and RNA
b) ADP and ATP
2. Role in plant maturation
- flowering, fruiting, root development, straw strength

A
50
Q

Only N and K (sometimes CA) are taken up in larger amounts by the plant

A
51
Q

Phosphorus is required for nitrogen fixation to take place. The microbes in the system require that some P be present.

A
52
Q

The main P-uptake mechanism is _________.

A

Diffusion

53
Q

Plants take up P from soil water. Because only small amounts of P are found in the soil water at any one time, the P must be constantly replenished.

A
54
Q

It is the formation of “fixed” or unavailable P compounds

A

P fixation

55
Q

Solution P
- inorganic forms of P such as PO4, HPO4, and H2PO4
- and soluble forms of P

A
56
Q

P in P-containing minerals turn into solution P because of __________.

A

Weathering

57
Q

Plant uptake Solution P

A
58
Q

P fixed to soil minerals turn into solution p by sorption / desorption and vice versa.

A
59
Q

Solution P will turn into Microbial biomass through _________.

A

Immobilization

60
Q

P in Plant and animal residues turn into __________ through immobilization.

A

Microbial biomass

61
Q

P in Plant and animal residues turn into organic p through ________.

A

Decomposition

62
Q

The status of the soil with respect to the amount and availability to plants the elements necessary for growth.

A

Soil Fertility

63
Q

Capability of a soil for producing plants under a specified system of management.

A

Soil Productivity

64
Q

Methods of assessing soil fertility status

A
  1. Biological Test
  2. Evaluation of Nutrient Deficiency Symptoms
  3. Plant Tissue Analysis
  4. Soil Analysis
65
Q

This involves the planting of the crop in the soil being evaluated.

A

Biological test

66
Q

The Biological test is done by either

A

Pot experiment and Field Fertilizer experiment

67
Q

The soil will be considered fertile if the performance of the test plants is comparable or better than optimum growth and yield expected of the variety used / planted.

A
68
Q

Biological Test

Advantages:
1. Provides definitive indication of whether the soil can support the growth of the crop/plant or not.

  1. Allows evaluation of appropriateness of other factors.
A
69
Q

Biological test disadvantages

  1. Time-consuming
  2. Expensive
  3. By the time you do the actual wide-scale growing of the crop, the fertility status may already have changed.
A
70
Q

Five general types of nutrient deficiency symptoms

A
  1. Chlorosis
  2. Necrosis
  3. Stunting
  4. Abnormal coloration
  5. Lack of new growth or terminal growth
71
Q

Common visual symptoms

A
  • Chlorosis
  • Interveinal chlorosis
  • Necrosis or firing
  • Abnormal coloration
  • Lack of terminal growth
72
Q

The sampling and analysis of plant parts for certain essential elements.

A

Plant Tissue Analysis

73
Q

Any organic or inorganic material of natural or synthetic origin added to the soil to supply certain nutrients essential to the growth of the plants.

A

Fertilizers

73
Q

It is the application of liming material to raise the pH level of an acidic soil.

A

Lime Application

74
Q

The process by which the land surface is worn away by the action of wind, water, ice, and gravity.

A

Soil Erosion

75
Q

The processes of soil erosion

A
  1. Detachment of sediments from the soil mass.
  2. Transportation primarily by flowing water or wind.
  3. Deposition of sediment
76
Q

Universal Soil-Loss Equation

A

A = R x K x LS x P x C

77
Q

The capacity of the rain to produce soil erosion.

A

Erosivity

78
Q

The susceptibility of the soil to be eroded.

A

Erodibility

79
Q

Factors of erosivity

A

Rainfall and Energy

80
Q

Factors of Erodibility

A

Physical characteristics and Management (Land Management and Crop Management)

81
Q

The detachment and movement of soil or rock by water, wind, ice, or gravity.

A

Erosion

82
Q

Two types of soil erosion

A

Natural erosion and accelerated erosion.

83
Q

Natural erosion is the wearing away of Earth’s surface by water, ice, or other natural agents under natural environmental conditions.

A
84
Q

Acceleration erosion is the erosion that is much more rapid than normal, natural, geological erosion.

A
85
Q

Human and domestic animal intervention can cause accelerated erosion.

A

Okay! 👍

86
Q

Two steps of accelerated erosion

A
  1. Detachment
  2. Transportation
87
Q

Power of Raindrops
1. It detaches soil - force of falling water.
2. Beatings tend to destroy granulation at surface
3. Crusting leads to more runoff

A
88
Q

Types of Water Erosion

A
  1. Splash Erosion
  2. Sheet Erosion
  3. Rill and Gully Erosion
  4. Stream Bank Erosion
89
Q

An erosion that is caused by the force of raindrops falling on bare or sparsely vegetated surfaces. The particles are detached by the force of falling raindrops. The soil rises into the air and maybe moved by gravity or wind or water down-slope.

A

Splash erosion

90
Q

Soil particles are easily transported in a thin layer or sheet by flowing water.

A

Sheet erosion

91
Q

Type of erosion where if the sheet runoff is allowed to concentrate and gain velocity or energy, it will cut rills and gullies as it detaches more soil particles.

A

Rill and Gully Erosion

92
Q

Erosion that occurs along the banks of streams. Increased erosion occurs when level of runoff is increased to the river or stream.

A

Stream Bank Erosion

93
Q

Factors affecting soil erosion

A
  1. Rainfall
  2. Soil erodibility
    a) Soil Texture
    b) Soil Structure
  3. Vegetative cover
  4. Relief
  5. Human activities
94
Q

Highly permeable soils are less prone to erosion by water since they are able to absorb water effectively.

Permeable soils also favor root proliferation and encourage vegetation to grow.

A
95
Q

Forms of wind erosion

A

Detrusion and Abrasion

96
Q

It is the wearing away of rocks and soil projections by fine particles carried in suspension. This forms large rocks carved into grotesque shapes in deserts.

A

Detrusion

97
Q

A form of wind erosion that takes place close to the ground where the moving particles are larger and bouncing along over the surface.

A

Abrasion.

98
Q

Erosion by wind is also known as

A

soil blowing

99
Q

In erosion by wind, the materials are carried away by:

A
  1. Extrusion
  2. Efflution
  3. Efflusion
100
Q

Extrusion is the rolling away of large particles

Efflution is the removal of very fine particles

Efflusion is where particles of intermediate size move off downwind into bouncing action called saltation.

A
101
Q

Two types of impacts of erosion.

A

On-site impacts and Off-site impacts.

102
Q

Soils that commonly have dark organic surface layer and mineral layers underlain by permafrost

A

Gelisols

103
Q

Soils that have organic surface horizons

A

Histosols

104
Q
  • Has a “spodic” horizon
  • Light colored acidic soils found in coniferous forests.
  • Soils of cool humid regions as in northeast United States
A

Spodosols

105
Q

Soils derived from volcanic materials.

A

Andisol

106
Q
  • Highly weathered tropical soils.
  • Has subsurface horizon low in weatherable minerals but high in aluminosilicate clays
A

Oxisols

107
Q

Kind of soil in Salcedo, Samar

A

Oxisol

108
Q

Soils that are high is swelling clays. When they are dry, large deep cracks form that surface soils falls into, mixing the soil.

A

Vertisol

109
Q

Arid soils, often alkaline with salted horizons

A

Aridisols

110
Q

Highly weathered soils of warm climates, low base, often leached, acid, and infertile.

A

Ultisol

111
Q

The most widespread soil in the Philippines

A

Ultisols

112
Q

Soils with “mollic” horizon

Soils that have dark, thick, good structure, high base A horizon.

A

Mollisols

113
Q

Forest soils of cool moist climates, light colored, slightly to moderately acid with illuvial layer high in silicate clays.

A

Alfisols

114
Q

Young soils, with only those horizons that form quickly.

A

Inceptisols

115
Q

Very young soils in new parent materials or where alluvial deposition or erosion limits profile development (slopes)

A

Entisols

116
Q

Typical catena in young tropical islands (Philippines and Indonesia)

A

Andisol - Ultisols - Inceptisols

117
Q

12 Soil Orders

A

Gelisol — el
Histisol — ist
Spodosol — od
Andisol — and
Oxisol — ox
Vertisol — ert
Aridisol — id
Ultisol —ult
Mollisol — oll
Alfisol — alf
Inceptisol — ept
Entisol —ent

118
Q

The Soils of the Philippines

  • A book by Carating, Galanta, and Bacatio (2014)
A
119
Q

Soil Series of the Philippines
a) Soils of the Lowlands - 104
b) Soils of the Uplands - 89
c) Soils of Hills and Mountains - 91

A

Idk (9 decks)

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