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BCMA > Soil Science > Flashcards

Soil Science Flashcards

1
Q

Having a pH less than 7.0

A

Acid

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2
Q

Group of soil bacteria resembling fungi; actinomycetes Play a role in the decomposition Of organic matter and the release of mineral elements

A

Actinomycetes

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3
Q

Adhesion on contact of the molecules of gases, dissolved substances, or liquids to the surface of solids or liquids with which They are in contact

A

Adsorption

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4
Q

Provision of air to the soil to allow root and microbial respiration

A

Aeration

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5
Q

Close cluster and/or mix of small particles of soil and or organic matter of varying sizes that are bonded together

A

Aggregate

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6
Q

Having a PH greater than 7.0

A

Alkaline

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7
Q

State or quality of being alkaline

A

Alkalinity

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8
Q

Ion that carries a negative charge

A

Anion

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9
Q

Water remaining in the soil after gravitational water has drained and before the Permanent wilting point has been reached

A

Available water

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10
Q

Minute, usually single celled organisms having a cell wall but no organized nucleus and reproducing by fission; some species are plant pathogen’s

A

Bacteria

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11
Q

Ability of a soil to maintain i.e. resist change in its pH

A

Buffering capacity

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12
Q

Mass of soil per unit volume; used as a measure of soil compaction; often written as grams/cubic centimeter (g/cm3)

A

Bulk density

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13
Q

Water held in the capillary pores of the soil; much of this water can move in any direction and is readily available to plant roots

A

Capillary water

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14
Q

Positively charged ion; NN soils, the most abundant cations are calcium (Ca) magnesium (Mg) potassium (K) sodium (Na) and aluminum (Al)

A

Cation

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15
Q

Ability of a soil to absorb and hold cations; affected by soil organic matter and particle size; a measure of soil fertility and clay composition

A

Cation exchange capacity (CEC)

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16
Q

Chemical compounds that keep plant nutrients usually iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) soluble and available for plants absorption over a broad range of pH

A

Chelates

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17
Q

(1) soil particles with a typical grain size less than 0.004 MM; (2) A soil predominantly composed of such particles

A

Clay

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18
Q

Predominantly negatively charge soil particles of clay and hummus that absorb cat ions; when positively charged, anions Are absorbed; storage site for plant nutrients

A

Colliod

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19
Q

Closely or firmly packed or join together

A

Compaction

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20
Q

Organic matter that has been intentionally subjected to decay or decomposed to the point of not being recognizable as the regional parent material

A

Compost

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21
Q

Pertaining to plant nutrients, lack or insufficient Quantity of a required element

A

Deficiency

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22
Q

Process of reducing nitrates to nitrogen gases

A

Denitrification

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23
Q

Type of mycorrhizae that grows between the cortical or epidermal cells of absorbing roots, forming an outer sheath around the roots

A

Ectomycorrhizae

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24
Q

Type of mycorrhizae that grows within route cells, also referred to as vesicular-Arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizae (VAM)

A

Endomycorrhizae

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25
Q

Minerals essential to the growth and development of trees; these minerals are essential because plants cannot complete their life cycle without them

A

Essential elements

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26
Q

An oozing from pores or breaks in cell membrane

A

Exudation

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27
Q

Maximum soil moisture content following the drainage of water due to the force of gravity

A

Field capacity

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28
Q

Water that drains from soil macropores due to the force of gravity

A

Gravitational water

29
Q

Layer of soil within the soil profile

A

Horizon

30
Q

Dark colored, stable form of organic matter that remains after most of the plant or animal residue have decomposed

A

Humus

31
Q

Crystalline polymers that absorb water and, if needed, can be added to the soil to increase its water holding capacity

A

Hydrogels

32
Q

Study of the properties, distribution, and effects of water on the earth surface, underground, and the atmosphere

A

Hydrology

33
Q

The physical or chemical property of a molecule or substance that is attracted to water (and may be dissolved in water)

A

Hydrophilic

34
Q

The physical or chemical property of a molecule or substance that repels water

A

Hydrophobic

35
Q

Retained water that is held to tightly in soil for update by plants

A

Hygroscopic

36
Q

Surface that does not allow for infiltration and or penetration of liquids

A

Impervious

37
Q

(1) Downward entry of water into the soil; (2) entry of fine particles into drainage or aeration systems; can lead to system clogging and failure; (3) downward entry of materials from one soil or fillet or to another, as when a gravel road surface mixes with underlying soil

A

Infiltration

38
Q

Speed at which water penetrates the soil

A

Infiltration rate

39
Q

Atoms or a group of atoms with a positive or negative charge

A

Ion

40
Q

(1) Tendency for elements or compounds to wash down through and or out of the soil; (2) tendency for elements Or compounds to wash into the soil

A

Leach (leaching)

41
Q

Soil texture classification based on a balanced ratio of sand silt and Clay; considered ideal for plant growth

A

Loam

42
Q

Essential element that is required by plants in relatively large quantities such as nitrogen (N) phosphorus (P) potassium (K) and sulfur (S)

A

Macronutrients

43
Q

Relatively large space between soil particles that is usually airfield analyze from water movement in route penetration

A

MacroPore

44
Q

Essential elements that is required by plants and relatively small quantities such as iron (Fe) manganese (Mn) zinc (Zn) copper (Cu) and boron (B)

A

Micronutrient

45
Q

Space between soil particles that is relatively small and likely to be water filled

A

Micropore

46
Q

Naturally occurring, and organic solid that has a definite chemical composition and possesses characteristic physical properties; certain minerals are considered essential elements for tree growth and development

A

Mineral

47
Q

Process in which an organic substance is converted to or trapped In a inorganic substance

A

Mineralization

48
Q

Symbiotic association between certain fungi and absorbing roots of plants

A

Mycorrhizae

49
Q

Substance that provides nourishment essential for the growth and maintenance of life; implants, often used synonymously with essential elements

A

Nutrient

50
Q

Movement of mineral elements sometimes called nutrients with an Ecosystem as organic matter decomposers, releasing found nutrients back to plants

A

Nutrient cycling

51
Q

Condition in which the supply or availability of an essential element causes cessation of critical plant Processes, resulting in visible, physical symptoms such as chlorotic leaves or necrotic margins, and which, if left untreated, will reduce tree health and may eventually lead to premature death

A

Nutrient deficiency

52
Q

Condition in which the supply or availability of an essential element reduces the growth rate but does not cause plant dysfunction or premature death

A

Nutrient limitation

53
Q

Layer of organic matter at the soil surface

A

Organic layer

54
Q

Material derived from the growth and death of living organisms; the organic components of soil

A

Organic matter

55
Q

Diffusion of water through a semi permeable membrane from a region of higher water potential (lower salt concentration) to a region of lower water potential (higher salt content concentration)

A

Osmosis

56
Q

Pressure generated by the movement of water across the cell membrane caused by the difference between solute concentrations on each side

A

Osmotic pressure

57
Q

Soil bread rock or base material from which a soil profile develops

A

Parent material

58
Q

Movement of water through the soil

A

Percolation

59
Q

Point at which a plant cannot pull any more water from the soil and suffers permanent damage

A

Permanent wilting point

60
Q

Allowing liquids or gases to pull through, as with a membrane or material

A

Permeable

61
Q

Penetrable; allowing passage through; often used to describe surfaces

A

Pervious

62
Q

Soil area immediately adjacent to, and affected by, plant roots; typically has a high level of microbial activity

A

Rhizosphere

63
Q

Soils with a high concentration of soluble salts; Can cause poor plant health

A

Saline soil’s

64
Q

Soils with high concentrations of fell soluble salts (saline) and sodium ions (sodic)

A

Saline-sodic salts

65
Q

Soil particles are the size between 0.06 mm and 2.0 mm in diameter

A

Sand

66
Q

Point at which a soil or an aquifer will no longer absorb any amount of water without losing an equal amount

A

Saturation point

67
Q

Mineral elements, such as calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), required in moderate amounts by plants

A

Secondary nutrients

68
Q

Soil particles with a grain size between 0.004 mm in 0.062 mm (coarser than clay particles but finer than sand)

A

Silt

BCMA (20 decks)

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