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Soil Sci 1 > Soil sci chapter 1 > Flashcards

Soil sci chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Components of the global ecosystems

A

atmosphere, biosphere, hydro, litho

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2
Q

air surrounding the eart

A

atmosphere

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3
Q

environment in which living organisms are found and with which they interact

A

biosphere

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4
Q

total body of water that exists or close to the surface of the earth

A

Hydrosphere

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5
Q

upper (oceanic and continental) layer of the solid earth

A

lithosphere

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6
Q

interaction of litho hydro atmo and hydro

A

Earth system science

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7
Q

envelop of the earth where soil occur and where soil-forming processes are active

A

pedosphere

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8
Q

living, dynamic system which forms at the interface between atmosphere and lithosphere in response to forces exerted by climate and living organisms acting on parent material as conditioned bytopography/relief over the period of time

A

soil

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9
Q

as a rule, particles as considered as “soil particles” if they pass the

A

2mm sieve

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10
Q

upper top soil, lower top soil

A

A horizon 0-45cm

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11
Q

lower subsoil layer

A

B horizon 45-90cm

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12
Q

materials leached from above layer, lighter color- less accumulation of leached material

A

lower subsoil layer

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13
Q

darker color due to organic carbon

A

upper top soil

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14
Q

lighter color due to leeching and less organic matter

A

lower top soil

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15
Q

soil scientist focus on the ___ that are within ___ from the surface

A

porous material, 2m

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16
Q

dimensions involved in the study of soils

A

classic concept, modern concept

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17
Q

soil is 3- dimensional body

A

classic concept

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18
Q

what are in the classic concept

A

(3-dimensional body)
#length
#breadth
#depth

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19
Q

Soil is a space-time structure

A

modern concept

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20
Q

what is in modern concept

A

Soil is space time structure
#length
#breadth
Depth
time dimension

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21
Q

3 soil boundaries

A

upper boundary
lateral boundary
lower limit

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22
Q

generally considered as air-solid surface interface or free water-solid surface interface

A

upper boundary

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23
Q

deep water or barren areas of rock, salt, ice, or shifting dessert sand dunes

A

lateral boundary

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24
Q

difficult to define, but generally thought as the common rooting depth (shallow in the desserts, deep in tropical tropics) of the native perennial plant

A

lower limit

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25
Q

sediments at depth greater than where emergent plants grow is not considered as

A

soil

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26
Q

Three-dimensional section of the Earth’s surface with specific pattern of topography, rocks, soil, water, flora and fauna

A

landscape

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27
Q

an interacting system of biologic community and its non-living environment

A

ecosystem

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28
Q

5 functions of the soil

A

production function
ecological regulator
habitat and living space
engineering function
cultural heritage function

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29
Q

why we study soil

A

to understand how soil chemical and physical properties affect various uses of soils
to learn how to conserve and utilize soil properly
to understand how soil properties can be modified to improve their quality for practical use

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30
Q

2 concept in the study of soils

A

pedology
edaphology

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31
Q

study of soil as a natural entity (origin classification and description)

A

Pedology

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32
Q

study of soil from the standpoint of plant growth

A

edaphology

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33
Q

starting 19th century ____ was already considered as a natural science that deals with a natural body of the soil

A

soil science

34
Q

3 periods of development of soil science

A

ancient
pre-soil science period
early soil science period

35
Q

ancient
_____ years ago chines attempt to classify soil

A

4,000 years ago

36
Q

greeks and romans started simple soil studies

A

2,000 years ago

37
Q

who gave the soil name ____ and describes soil properties that affects growth

A

Theophrastus (371-286 BC)
“edaphos”

38
Q

developed a classifictaion system of arable soils and emphasized the suitability of soils for farming

A

Cato

39
Q

5 components of soil formation

A

climate
d living organisms
parent material
topography/relief
time

40
Q
  • Established
    agricultural chemistry snd formulated the mineral theory of plant nutrition
    –The
    Law of Minimum
A

J. Von Liebig (1803-1873)

41
Q

Developed the key
law in Soil Physics (

A

Henri Darcy (1803-1929)

42
Q

Law) that describes water flow in soils

A

Darcy’s
Law

43
Q

-Established
first systematic long
term field fertilizer experiment in the worldfamous Rothamsted Experimental Station

A

Joseph Henry Gilbert (1817-1901

44
Q

In his book “Pedology or General and Special
Soil Science” (1862), he argued for the
recognition of Soil Science as an
independent natural science
-Founder of Soil Science

A

F. A Fallou (1794 – 1877)

45
Q

In his book “Russian Chernozem” (1883), he
discussed the factors of soil formation and he
introduced the ABC horizon
nomenclature system
-Father of Modern Soil Science

A

V.V. Dokuchaev (1846-1903)

46
Q

One of the first to
apply soil science to solve
problems in agriculture and is considered the
“Father of American Soil Science”

A
  • E.W. Hilgard (1833-1893)
47
Q

-In 1941 published
“Factors of Soil Formation”
s

A
  • H. Jenny (1899-1992
48
Q

The global scientific organization of soil
scientists and soil science
practitioners

A

The International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS)

49
Q

Divisions of Soil Science

A
  1. Soil genesis
  2. Soil survey & classification
  3. Soil physics
  4. Soil microbiology and biochemistry/ soil
    ecology
  5. Soil fertility
  6. Soil mineralogy and chemistry
  7. Soil and water conservation
50
Q

deals with the dynamic and
complex topmost layer of the Earth’s crust
which is the product of Earth’s surface
processes

A

Soil science-

51
Q

the science of the
Earth from which soil science branched out in
the

A

. Geology

52
Q
  • The most widely accepted hypothesis about
    the origin of the Earth is the
A

solar nebular hypothesis

53
Q

Earth was formed from condensing gas and dust
about

A

4.6 billion years ago.

54
Q

caused the gas and dust
particles to come together with heavier
particles gravitating to the center and lighter
ones collecting outside.

A

Gravitational forces

55
Q

used to determine the age of rocks and other
natural materials by means of their
radioactive contents

A

. Radiometric dating

56
Q

scientists have determined that the Earth
consists of three layers

A

crust
mantle
core

57
Q

the thinnest
and rigid outermost layer

A

a) crust,

58
Q

the middlelayer which is largely plastic;

A

; b) mantle,

59
Q

center which is liquid on the outside but solid
inside

A

c) core

60
Q

The liquid portion of the outer core
generates the earth’s

A

s magnetic field

61
Q

The abrupt
boundary between the crust and the mantle is
called

A

Moho discontinuity.

62
Q

There are two types of crus

A

: oceanic crust and continental crust

63
Q

is about 6 km thick and basaltic in composition

A

. Oceanic crust

64
Q

is typically about 35 km thick
and granitic in composition

A

continental crust

65
Q

. Water surface area comprises of ___
the Earth’s total area which is ____ largely
ocean.

A

70.8% (97%)

66
Q

The hydrosphere is closely linked to the other spheres particularly the atmosphere through the

A

hydrologic cycle (or water cycle),

67
Q

The two types of liquid water in the
hydrosphere

A

seawater and river/freshwater

68
Q

n. Seawater is
mainly a _____ solution

A

Na+ and Cl

69
Q

while river water
is a ______ - solution

A

is a Ca+2 and HCO3 -

70
Q
  • is also called the zone of life
A

Biosphere-

71
Q

About 95 percent of the
biosphere is composed of six elements

A

C, H, O, N, P and S

72
Q

These are the major constituents of
the living tissue.

A

C, H, O, N, P and S

73
Q

e term given for the rigid crust
and the upper portion of the mantle of about
100 km thickness. T

A

D) Lithosphere

74
Q

The crust is composed of
various kinds of rocks which are grouped into
three types: i

A

: igneous, metamorphic and
sedimentary. Th

75
Q

explains the
mechanism by which the Earth’s continents andoceans are moving and rearranging themselves.

A

the theory of plate tectonics

76
Q

a German meteorologist and
geophysicist, who proposed in his book
Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane (Theorigin of continents and oceans) of
1915 that continents are drifting.

A

Alfred Wegener

77
Q

➢ Plate Tectonics states that the lithosphere
is divided into a number of rigid plates that float
and drift on the plastic

A

ASTHENOSPHERE

78
Q

the largest and one of the
most active plates. I

A

Pacific Plate

79
Q

e occurrence of
thousands of volcanoes around the Pacific
Ocean known as

A

the Ring of Fire.

80
Q

is the thin soil cover formed
from the weathering of the rocks in the upper
portion of the crust.

A

Pedosphere

81
Q

pedosphere functions as ____ where biological
processes interact with chemical
processes at the interface of the lithosphere, biosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere

A

reactor

82
Q

waves that travel through the earth

A

seismic wave

Soil Sci 1 (1 decks)

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