Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Soils > Soil Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Soil Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Father of modern soil science

A

V.V. Dokuchaev

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Came up with Pedology

A

V.V. Dokuchaev

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

“The great communicator”

A

Konstantin D. Glinka

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Father of modern soil survey

A

Curtis fletcher Marbut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Wrote “Factors of Soil Formation”

A

Hans Jenny

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

developed the four soil forming processes and worked on soil behavior and soil classification

A

Roy Simonson

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Soil

A
  • a dynamic body composed of mineral and organic solids, gases, liquids, and living organisms which can serve as a medium for plant growth
  • The collection of natural bodies occupying part of the Earth’s surface that is capable of supporting plant growth and that has properties resulting from the integrated effects of climate and living organisms acting upon parent material, as conditioned by topography, over periods of time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

soil descriptions (horizon, etc.) based on?

A

field observations only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Main soil horizons:

A

O, A, E, B, C, R

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

solum

A

surface and subsurface layers that are affected by soil formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Horizons in solum

A

O, A, E, B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

O horizon

A

organic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

A horizon

A

Humidified OM mixed with mineral fraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Horizon that exhibits effects of cultivation, pasturing, and other similar disturbance

A

A horizon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Eluviated zone horizon

A

E horizon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

E horizon

A

-mineral horizon, zone of eluviation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

E horizon color?

A

Albic: white color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

E horizon loss:

A

silicate clay, iron, aluminum, or a combo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

E horizon remain:

A

sand, silt, quartz, other resistant materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Illuviated zone horizon

A

B horizon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

B horizon has a concentration of?

A

soluble salts, silicate clays, iron and aluminum oxides, and humus (alone or in concentration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

B horizon structure:

A

blocky or prismatic structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What gives the B horizon a darker, richer, or redder color?

A

presence of iron and aluminum oxide coatings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

C Horizon

A
  • unweathered parent material
  • Mineral horizon
  • relatively unaffected by biological activity
  • parent material can be alike or different than the solum above it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

R Horizon

A

Hard Bedrock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

R Horizon Hard Bedrock includes:

A

granite, basalt, quartzite and indurated limestone or sandstone that is sufficiently coherent to make hand digging impractical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

1 inch of soil takes ____ years to form.

A

1,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Transitional Soil Horizons: AB

A
  • Dominated by properties of one master horizon but has subordinate properties of another
  • First letter designates which master horizon has dominant properties in the horizon
  • 2 capital letters
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Transitional Soil Horizons: A/B

A
  • “Virgule”
  • Horizon has distinctly recognizable properties of both master horizons.
  • The first symbol is that of the horizon that makes up the greater volume
  • A/B has more volume of letter in front, not just distinct properties
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Subordinate distinctions

A
  • Lowercase letters are used to identify components present in significant amounts
  • Found after the Master Horizon capital letter
  • Example: Ap horizon (p= plow layer)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

can every subordinate distinction go with every main horizon?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The Prime (‘)

A
  • signifies a split horizon

- not enough for a subdivision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Lithologic discontinuities

A
  • A change in particle size or mineralogy that existed prior to soil formation
  • The number in front signifies the change in lithology
  • Massive change, break in formation
  • Ex: glacial effects
  • Not the same throughout the whole profile
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Soil has 6 key roles (ecosystem services):

A
  1. Support plant growth
  2. Regulate water supplies
  3. Functions as nature’s recycling system
  4. Habitat to living organisms
  5. Influence atmospheric conditions
  6. Engineering medium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Pedon

A

smallest volume that can be called a soil

36
Q

Environmental Services- Support plant growth:

A
  • physical support
  • air
  • water
  • temperature moderation
  • protection from toxins
  • nutrient elements
37
Q

Nutrient elements

A

C HOPKNS CaFe ClZn; MoB CuMn Mg

38
Q

Environmental Services- regulation of water supplies

A
  • infiltration
  • lateral flow
  • through flow
  • filters water
39
Q

Pedosphere

A

interaction of four spheres

40
Q

“Clorpt”

A 
*Soil Formation*
Climate
Organisms (biota) 
Relief (topography) 
Parent material 
Time
41
Q

How many steps needed to form a soil?

A

11

42
Q

supporting higher plant life

A

pedological view that this is where we begin seeing soil profiles, morphology

43
Q

Assumptions in soil formation:

A
  • closed system
  • no human influence
  • consistent climate
  • variation in type and intensity of biota
  • effects of variable parent material
44
Q

Eluviation

A

loss, translocation

45
Q

Illuviation

A

addition, translocation

46
Q

leaching

A

loss, translocation, and in some situations, transformation

47
Q

Erosion

A

loss, translocation

48
Q

cumulization

A

addition, translocation

49
Q

calcification

A

addition, translocation

50
Q

decalcification

A

loss, translocation

51
Q

salinization

A

addition, translocation

52
Q

desalinization

A

loss, translocation

53
Q

alkalization

A

addition, translocation

54
Q

dealkalization

A

loss, translocation

55
Q

lessivage

A

translocation; physical movement of clay

56
Q

pedoturbation

A

translocation; mixing of the soil through biological activity

57
Q

decomposition

A

transformation

58
Q

synthesis

A

transformation

59
Q

melanization

A

transformation

60
Q

littering

A

additions

61
Q

humification

A

addition, transformation

62
Q

mineralization

A

transformation

63
Q

gleization

A

transformation

64
Q

Parent materials

A

residuum, colluvium, alluvium, lacustrine, marine, glacial till, glacial outwash, glacial moraine, aeolian, organic

65
Q

What minerals are resistant to weathering?

A

silicate minerals

66
Q

What works with O to create oxides (red v. gray)?

A

Fe and Al

67
Q

What “bases” weather quickly?

A

Ca, Mg, Na, and K

68
Q

Minerals:

A
  • Naturally occurring inorganic substances that have a specific chemical composition and structural arrangement
  • Made up of elements
69
Q

Rocks:

A

Mixtures of minerals occurring in various proportions

70
Q

Primary minerals:

A
  • From under conditions different than those at Earth’s surface
  • Often formed by solidification of magma
71
Q

Secondary minerals:

A
  • Mineral which forms at or near Earth’s surface

- Often formed from weathering products of primary minerals

72
Q

Physical properties for identifying minerals:

A
  • Hardness
  • Luster
  • Streak
  • Color
  • Density
  • Crystal systems
  • Cleavage and fractures
  • Transparency
  • Special Properties
73
Q

Most important physical properties for identifying minerals?

A
  • Hardness
  • Luster
  • Streak
  • Cleavage and fractures
74
Q

Why do soil scientists care about rocks and minerals?

A
  • Contributes to Pedology
  • Most parent materials were rocks at some point in their lives
  • Minerals continue to contribute to soil fertility long after the rocks are gone
  • Minerals provide volume and mass to soil
75
Q

What charge (+ or -) does soil have?

A

negative

76
Q

Minerals: hardness

A
  • Minerals resistance to being scratched, but not same as brittleness.
  • Use of Mohs scale (1 to 10), where 2 is softest and 10 is hardest.
77
Q

Minerals: Luster

A
  • Describes how light reflects from the mineral
  • Metallic: shines like metal
  • Non-metallic: greasy, earthy, pearly
  • Terms: dull, pitchy, resinous, submetallic
78
Q

Minerals: Streaking

A
  • Color of the powder left when mineral is scratched on unglazed tile
  • Mineral’s true color
  • Dark streak suggests metallic; light streak suggests non-metallic
79
Q

Cleavage

A

tendency for mineral to break along smooth planes parallel to zones of weak bonding

80
Q

Fracture

A

tendency for mineral to break along curved surfaces without a definite shape.

81
Q

Specific minerals to know:

A

calcite, dolomite, feldspar, fluorite, gypsum, hornblende, pyrite, hematite, biotite, magnetite, quartz, muscovite

82
Q

What other mineral is magnetic, other than magnetite?

A

Hematite

83
Q

Fertilizer minerals

A

calcite and dolomite

84
Q

slow release fertilizer

A

dolomite

85
Q

How do you test which fertilizer mineral is which?

A

Pour acid on them, will have a slow or fast reaction

Soils (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions