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Agri > Soil Profile And Common Parent Material > Flashcards

Soil Profile And Common Parent Material Flashcards

1
Q

Master Horizon Designations in Chronilogical order

A

O (surface litter)-Horizon dominated by organic matter
A (topsoil)- Organic-rich, mineral horizon at or adjacent to the surface
E (zone of leaching)- Mineral horizon of maximum eluviation
B (subsoil)- Mineral horuzon of maximum illuviation and formed beneath an O, A, or E horizons
C (weathered parent material)- Weathered Parent Material
R (Bedrock)- Underlying consolidated bedrock

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2
Q

(Distinguishing Properties of Soil Horizon) The thickness of each horizon defined

A

Depth

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3
Q

(Distinguishing Properties of Soil Horizon) Coarseness or smoothness of the soil (gritty, smooth, floury, or sticky)

A

Texture

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4
Q

(Distinguishing Properties of Soil Horizon) Spherical, cube-like, angular, sub-angular

A

Structure

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5
Q

(Distinguishing Properties of Soil Horizon) To determine biological activity

A

Presence of roots

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6
Q

(Distinguishing Properties of Soil Horizon) Acifity or Alkalinity of the soil

A

pH

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7
Q

(Distinguishing Properties of Soil Horizon) Could be descriptive only, or usr Munsell Color Chart

A

Color

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8
Q

(Distinguishing Properties of Soil Horizon) Degree of cohesion

A

Consistency

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9
Q

(Distinguishing Properties of Soil Horizon) Boundary form (smooth, wavy, broken, irregular) Boundary distinctness (abrupt, clear, diffuse, gradual)

A

Boundary between horizons

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10
Q

(Distinguishing Properties of Soil Horizon) Spots or blotches of different color

A

Presence of mottles

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11
Q

(Distinguishing Properties of Soil Horizon) Grains or pellets that cemented by CaCO3 or FeO

A

Concretions

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12
Q

To estimate the amount of Fe (indicates the stage of weathering of the soil)

A

Iron Content

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13
Q

(Distinguishing Properties of Soil Horizon) Could be estimated by the darkness of soil surface

A

Organic matter content

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14
Q

How to describe boundary of soil horizons

A

Distinctness and Shape

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15
Q

How to describe soil structure

A

Granular structure, Blocky structure, Platy structure, Prismatic structure

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16
Q

Aggregate of one or more minerals

A

Rock

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17
Q

Classification of rocks

A

Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic

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18
Q

Originate from magma, a hot, fluid mass or rock melt

A

Igneous

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19
Q

Consolidated fragments of igneous and/or metamorphic rocks

A

Sedimentary

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20
Q

Chemically and/or physically transformed (metamorphism) igneous or sedimentary rock by means of heat and/or pressure.

A

Metamorphic

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21
Q

Examples of igneous rocks

A

Granite
Diorite
Rhyolite
Gabbro
Andesite
Basalt
Obsidian
Volcanic tuff

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22
Q

Examples of Sedimentary Rocks

A

Sandstone
Siltstone
Shale
Conglomerate
Limestone
Gypsum
Chert

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23
Q

Metamorphic rock formed from other existing rocks through the process or ___________ and ___________ under ________ __________ _________ and ________

A

Remelting and recrystallization
very high temperature and pressure

24
Q

(Pre-existing rock)
Granite
Basalt
Sandstone
Limestone
Shale
Conglomerate

A

Granite - Gneiss
Basalt - Schists
Sandstone - Quartzite
Limestone - Marble
Shale - Slate
Conglomerate -Meta-conglomerate

25
Q

Process whereby rocks are borken down and deconposed by physical, chemical and biological processes

A

Weathering

26
Q

Group Processes
•___________ of air and rain water; and action of plants and bacteria
•___________ of changes of temperature

A

•Chemical Action
•Mechanical Action

27
Q

Example of physical weathering of rocks

A

Thermal expansion
Exfoliation
Frist wedging (freeze-thaw)

28
Q

Requires presence of water to take place

A

Chemical weathering of rocks

29
Q

Chemical weathering rate varies with

A

-Precipitation and temperature
-Particle size
-Mineral composition

30
Q

Example of chemicak weathering of rocks

A

Animal burrows
Tree and plant roots
Lichens

31
Q

Naturally occurring inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition, and an ordered atomic arrangement

A

Mineral

32
Q

Two group of minerals

A
  1. Primary Minerals
  2. Secondary Minerals
33
Q

Grow by the addition of atoms to the crystal structure as matter changes fron a gaseous or liquid state to a solid state

A

Minerals

34
Q

Most important rock forming minerals

A

Feldspars
Olivines
Proxenes
Amphiboles
Quartz
Clay
Minerals
Calcite

35
Q

Remember!!!

A

A mineral has a definite chemical composition in which soecific elements occur in definite proportions

36
Q

Remember!!!

A

The chemical conposition of some minerals, however, can vary within specific limits, because in some minerals different kinds of ions can be substituted for other in the mineral structure (ionic substitution)

37
Q

(Physical Properties of Minerals) refers to geometric patter of minerals

A

Crystal form

38
Q

What are the physical properties of minerals?

A

Color
Cleavage
Fracture
Streak
Luster
Specific gravity
Hardness

39
Q

Results from the combination of wavelengths that is reflected from the material and is seen by the eye; directly related to one or more mineral; easily noticeable but can be least useful. Example: Malchite is always green; Azurite - blue; Rhondonite - pink

A

Color

40
Q

Splitting of mineral alonh definite planes

A

Cleavage

41
Q

Breaking of mineral regularly

A

Fracture

42
Q

Useful in identifying metallic and earthly minerals; mineral is rubbed against unglazed porcelain e.g. hematite always give off reddish-brown ____ no matter what type of luster it displays.

A

Streak

43
Q

Reflection of ordinary light from its surface; twi types - metallic and nonmetallic

A

Luster

44
Q

Ratio of the mass of the mineral to that of the equal volume of water; heaviness of mineral; depends on the elemental composition and the packing of the atoms

A

Specific gravity

45
Q

Ability to resist scratching, ranked using Moh’s scale

A

Hardness

46
Q

The tendency of a crystalline mineral to split or break along smooth planes parallel to zones of weak bonding jn the crystal lattice

A

Cleavage

47
Q

Type of cleavage

A

Perfect, distinct, indistinct

48
Q

(Cleavage type) very hood breakage and the new surfaces are shiny

A

Prefect

49
Q

(Cleavage type) new surfaces broken by freauent irregular steps

A

Distinct

50
Q

(Cleavage type) generally rough with only a few planar areas (generally not useful)

A

Indistinct

51
Q

For opaque minerals, if you rub the sample across a streak plate, it will leave a colored powder. This ________ is distinctive for minerals and is used to identifu minerals

A

Streak

52
Q

-How light is reflected from the surface of a mineral.
-overall sheen of the mineral’s surface

A

Luster

53
Q

Luster os classified as

A

Metallic and non-metallic

54
Q

Is a measure of a mineral’s resistance to abraision

A

Hardness

55
Q

Is a scale of a mineral’s resistance to scratching. It is a relative scale. Minerals with higher numbers will scratch minerals below them on the scale

A

Moh’s Hardness Scale

Agri (1 decks)

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