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Soil And Water Conservation > SOIL AND WATER RESOURCE CONSERVATION ENGINEERING > Flashcards

SOIL AND WATER RESOURCE CONSERVATION ENGINEERING Flashcards

1
Q

Implies utilization without wastes

A

Conservation

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2
Q

Continuous high level of crop production while improving environment quality

A

Conservation

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3
Q

True or False. Soil and water conservation is based on full integration of engineering, atmospheric, plant and soil science. It requires knowledge of the soil -plant-water interactions, particularly conserving the soil physical, chemical and engineering characteristics.

A

True

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4
Q

One major cause of water pollution

A

Soil erosion

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5
Q

It is said that agriculture contributes to 60-80% of total water use . 40% of irrigation water was not available to crops. Give the causes of this water loss

A

Conveyance, seepage, percolation, evaporation, transpiration

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6
Q

Enumerate some physical means of retaining raifall in soil and reducing evapotranspiration

A

Level terracing, reservoirs, contouring, pitting, water harvesting techniques, modified tillage, crop management techniques

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7
Q

Total land area of Philippines

A

30 M ha

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8
Q

Agricultural land in the Philippines is about 42%. What is its value in terms of ha

A

12.57 M ha

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9
Q

PD 1067 is also known as

A

Water Code of the Philippines

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10
Q

Located below 50 m above mean sea level

A

Shallow well areas

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11
Q

Located above 50 m above mean sea level

A

Deep well areas

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12
Q

Geologic features lying at a depth more than 20 meters below the ground

A

Aquifers

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13
Q

Areas with insufficient data to be classified as either shallow or deep well areas because of varying depth

A

Difficult areas

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14
Q

Average growing rate of Philippine population

A

2.3 %

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15
Q

On 1990, how much of the total land area of the country was affected by soil erosion?

A

45%

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16
Q

Annual average nutrient loss in terms of fertilizer requirement. In tons, how much N, P, K were lost?

A

194,000 tos N, 40, 000 tons P, 30,000 tons K

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17
Q

Issues and problems attendant to soil and water conservation and utilization.

A

Land and water resource degradation, allocation, data availability and reliability, support

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18
Q

Major sources of water

A

Rainwater, surface water, ground water

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19
Q

Movement of water on the earth’s surface and through the atmosphere

A

Hydrologic cycle

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20
Q

Water vapor in the atmosphere

A

Humidity

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21
Q

Any aqueous deposit in liquid or solid form, that develops in a saturated atmospheric environment and generally falls from clouds

A

Precipitation

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22
Q

True or false. Evaporation from ocean surface is the chief source of moisture for precipitation

A

True

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23
Q

Four primary reasons of condensation or sublimation of atmospheric moist

A

Adiabatic cooling, mixing of air masses of varying temperatures, radiation cooling, contact cooling

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24
Q

Tiny liquid water droplets. 0.1-0.55 mm diameters and usually falls less than 1 mm per hour and also appears to float

A

Drizzle or mist

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25
Q

Liquid water drops greater the 0.5 mm diameter

A

Rain

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26
Q

Defined as the amount of liquid precipitation

A

Rainfall

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27
Q

Ice coating generally clear and smooth formed on exposed surfaces by the freezing of supercooled water deposited by rain or drizzle

A

Glaze

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28
Q

Specific gravity of glaze

A

~0.8 to 0.9

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29
Q

White opaque deposit of ice granules separated by trapped air and formed by rapid freezing of supercooled water drops

A

Rime

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30
Q

Specific gravity of rime

A

~0.2-0.3

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31
Q

Composed of ice crystals, chiefly in complex, branched hexagonal form, and often agglomerated into snowflakes

A

Snow

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32
Q

The average diameter for snowflakes

A

~ 100 mm

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33
Q

Balls of ice produced in convective clouds

A

Hail

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34
Q

Transparent, globular, solid grains of ice formed by the freezing of raindrops or refreezing of melted ice crystals as it falls in a layer of sub freezing air near the surface

A

Sleet

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35
Q

It represents the saturation of air near the ground surface

A

Fog

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36
Q

A process wherein acid pollutants from the atmosphere are being deposited in dry and wet forms to the Earth’s surface

A

Acid Deposition

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37
Q

Wet deposit of acid pollutants

A

Acid Precipitation

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38
Q

Occurs when radiant energy from the sun heat water, causing water molecules to rise into the atmosphere

A

Evaporation

39
Q

The combined evaporation of the soil surface and the plants

A

Evapotranspiration

40
Q

Rain that falls through the vegetation without being intercepted

A

Through fall

41
Q

The movement of water from precipitation into the soil

A

Infiltration

42
Q

Water that doesn’t infiltrate the soil flows on the surface as

A

Runoff

43
Q

True or falls. The Earth’s continent experience runoff because of the imbalance between precipitation and evaporation

A

True

44
Q

Plot of discharge against time

A

Hydrograph

45
Q

Difference between peak rainfall and peak discharge

A

Lag time

46
Q

The height at which a flood could occur, variable from river to river

A

Bankfull discharge

47
Q

A line in the hydrograph that shows how much water is in the river

A

Discharge line

48
Q

Ground water runoff, normal discharge of the river or stream or channel

A

Base flow

49
Q

Volume of water reaching the river from surface runoff

A

Direct runoff

50
Q

Factors affecting runoff

A

Climate, physiographic factors

51
Q

Also called the concentration curve; represents the increase in discharge due to gradual build up of storage in channel and over the catchment area

A

Rising limb

52
Q

True or False. Fan shaped or nearly circular shaped basin/catchment has slower discharge than fern-shaped

A

False. The reverse is true. It is because the time of concentration of the catchment is much lower than the fern or leaf shaped.

53
Q

Indicates the peak flow or the maximum amount of flow at the basin outlet

A

Crest segment

54
Q

From point of inflection at the end of crest segment to base flow.

A

Falling limb

55
Q

The time required for water to flow from the most remote point to the mouth of the watershed once the soil has become saturated and minor depression filled

A

Time of concentration

56
Q

The ratio of the peak runoff rate to the rainfall intensity

A

Runoff coefficient

57
Q

a process by which soil is removed from the Earth’s surface by exogenetic processes
such as wind or water flow, and then
transported and deposited in other
locations.

A

Erosion

58
Q

natural erosion (soil-forming and soil eroding processes) which maintain the
soil in favorable balance.

A

Geological erosion

59
Q

removal of surface soil takes place
at much faster rate than it can be
built up by the soil forming
processes

A

Accelerated erosion

60
Q

Two interactive processes of erosion

A

Detachment and Transport

61
Q

EROSION SUB-PROCESSES

A

Detachment by rainfall
Transport by rainfall
Detachment (scour) by runoff
(overland or channelized flow)
Transport by runoff

62
Q

Factors affecting erosion by water

A

Climate
Soil
Vegetation
Topography
Disturbances

63
Q

The greatest natural disturbances in the ecosystems

A

Fires

64
Q

soil detachment and transport
resulting from the action of raindrop
the first stage of soil erosion by
water

A

Raindrop erosion or splash erosion

65
Q

the removal of soil in thin layers by
raindrop impact and shallow surface
flow
its soil detaching and transporting
capabilities are small

A

Sheet erosion

66
Q

results in loss of the finest
soil particles that contain nutrients
and organic matter in the soil

A

Skimming

67
Q

The intermittent process of
transforming to gully erosion. Common in bare agricultural land,
overgrazed land and freshly tilled soil
where soil structure has been
loosened

A

Rill erosion

68
Q

common in bare agricultural land,
overgrazed land and freshly tilled soil
where soil structure has been
loosened. It can be obliterated by tillage

A

Rill erosion

69
Q

The advanced stage of rills. It is formed when the depth and
width of the rill is > 50 cm

A

Gully erosion

70
Q

4 classes of gully

A

G1, G2, G3, G4

71
Q

Depth, width and side slope of G3

A

3.0-9.0 m, 18 m, 6-12 %

72
Q

Stages of Gully Development

A

FORMATION STAGE
DEVELOPMENT STAGE
HEALING STAGE
STABILIZATION STAGE

73
Q

Processes of gully formation

A

Waterfall erosion
Channel erosion
Alternate freezing and melting of snow
Undercutting, landslides, mass
movements of soil

74
Q

It can be used to predict soil erosion losses
,guide the selection of agricultural practices such as cropping and management
systems
, guide in determining the on-site effects of land use and crop management
changes
, and provide baseline data for conservation planning

A

UNIVERSAL SOIL LOSS ESTIMATION

75
Q

It can be used to predict soil erosion losses
,guide the selection of agricultural practices such as cropping and management
systems
, guide in determining the on-site effects of land use and crop management
changes
provide baseline data for conservation planning

A
76
Q

it estimates sheet erosion as the product of a series of terms for rainfall, soil, slope
gradient, slope length, crop and cover management and conservation factors this permits the extensive tabulations of individual factors, incorporating vast
amounts of research data

A

Universal Soil Loss Estimation

77
Q

Standard agricultural plots

A

72.6 feet long and 6 feet wide, with 9% slope

78
Q

a quantitative measure of erosion potential of rain, allows for spatial estimation of basic erosion risks in different areas.

A

Rainfall erosivity

79
Q

The detachment and transport of soil by a concentrated flow of water and the detachment and transport of soil by a concentrated flow of water

A

Rill erosion

80
Q

The ratio of the circumference of a circle of the same area as the basin to the basin perimeter

A

Circulatory ratio

81
Q

A stream that flows only in direction response to precipitation

A

Ephemeral stream

82
Q

Hydrograph with a unit volume of direct runoff for a given storm duration

A

Unit hydrograph

83
Q

When the viscous forces are weak relative to inertial forces, the flow is

A

Turbulent

84
Q

A channel having a steep slope

A

Chute

85
Q

The distance between adjacent terraces

A

Vertical interval

86
Q

What percentage of the water extracted by plant roots is transpired

A

95-99%

87
Q

suggested that splash erosion is a function of soil and
rainfall properties

A

Ellison

88
Q

slope-practice
equation

A

Musgrave equation

89
Q

developed an expression for the claypan soils of
Missouri

A

Smith and Whitt

90
Q

Precipitation associated with the movement of air masses due to a difference in barometric pressure

A

Cyclonic

91
Q

The method of determining average areal precipitation which accounts for the effect of topography and unequal gage density

A

Arithmetic average and Thiessen method

92
Q

An equation or method used in the estimation and representation of evapotranspiration rate

A

Hargreaves Equation

93
Q

The rate of evapotranspiration occurring under the field conditions for the given crop, soil moisture and meteorological conditions

A

Actual crop evapotranspiration

94
Q

Fraction of sheet and rill erosion that actually reaches has reference point of discharge

A

Sediment delivery ratio

Soil And Water Conservation (2 decks)

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