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FRM (P2) > SOIL > Flashcards

SOIL Flashcards

1
Q

5 Soil Functions

A
  1. Primary Productivity
  2. Water Regulation/Purification
  3. Biodiversity Habitat
  4. Carbon Regulation/Sequestrian
  5. Nutrient Cycling
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2
Q

Soil Function: Primary Production Function

A

The capacity of a soil to produce plant biomass for human use,providing food, feed, fiber and fuel within natural or managed ecosystem boundaries

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3
Q

Soil Function: Carbon Sequestration

A

the capacity of a soil to store carbon in a non-labile form with the aim to reduce the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere

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4
Q

Soil Function: Water regulation/purification

A

Capacity of a soil to receive, store and conduct water for subsequent use, prevent droughts, flooding, erosion and to remove harmful compounds.

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5
Q

Soil Function: Nutrient Cycling (incl. calc)

A

The capacity of a soil to receive, provide and carry over nutrients into harvested crops.
Output/input = fertilizer value x recovery x harvest index

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6
Q

Soil Health

A

Intersection: biology, chemistry + physical.

The capacity of a soil to function within ecosystem and land-use boundaries to sustain biological productivity, maintain environmental quality, and promote plant and animal health

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7
Q

Soil Function: Habitat for biological activity

A

capacity of a soil to support the multitude of soil

organisms and processes, interacting in an ecosystem

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8
Q

Causes of High Pathogen Pressure

A

● Poorly planned crop rotation or diversity
● Poor physical function (e.g. waterlogging)
● Low microbial diversity

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9
Q

Good Soil Tilth Outcomes

A

●Water storage infiltration
● Aeration
● Root growth
● Soil life

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10
Q

CASH Biological Indicators (Soil Organic Carbon)

A
  • Soil Organic Matter
  • Active Carbon/POXC (labile C)
  • Soil Respiration
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11
Q

Labile Carbon

A

Fraction of organic matter readily available as food and energy source to soil microbial community

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12
Q

N Volatilization

A

nitrogen in an organic form (urea), e.g. animal manures or urea fertilizers is converted to ammonia gas (NH3)

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13
Q

N Deposition

A

GAS: input of reactive nitrogen from the atmosphere to the biosphere

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14
Q

N Fixation

A

chemical process that converts atmospheric nitrogen

(N2) into ammonium (NH4), which is taken up by plants or microbes

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15
Q

Biological N Fixation

A

Rhizobia metabolize atmospheric
nitrogen and convert it into N compounds that the plant can uptake in plant root. In exchange, rhizobia use carbon substrates derived from the plant photosynthesis.

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16
Q

N Cycling Function of Soil Biology (5)

A

BIMP-D

  • Decomposition
  • Bioturbation
  • Mineralization
  • Immobilization
  • Plant Root Aquisition
17
Q

Bioturbation

A

mixing of plant or animal derived organic material into the mineral matrix of the soil

18
Q

Immobilization

A

conversion of inorganic compounds to organic compounds by micro-organisms or plants (prevents uptake of the N by plants)

19
Q

Mineralization

A

oxidation of nutrient compounds in organic matter, releasing the nutrients in soluble inorganic forms that are then available to plants

20
Q

Mineralization sub-processes

A

AND
Ammonification (organic N to inorganic N)
Nitrification (aerobic)
Dentrification (anaerobic –> heterotrophic denitrifying bacteria & fungi)

21
Q

Mycorrhizae (P Cycling)

A

Symbiotic relationship: soil fungi & plant roots.

Plant supplies the fungi with sugars, fungal network improves plant’s capacity to absorb water and nutrients.

22
Q

3 Pools SOM (?)

A
  1. Soil
  2. SOM
  3. Biomass SOM (fungi, bacteria, micro/macro fauna)
23
Q

SOM Additions

A

Crop residues
Manure
Compost

24
Q

SOM Losses

A

Soil Respiration

Erosion

25
Q

Processes Contributing to Soil C Gains

A 
BAAS:
Bioturbation
Aggregation
Assimilation
Stabilization
26
Q

Processes Contributing to Soil C Losses

A

Decomposition

27
Q

Biological Actors of Decomposition

A

Fragmentation = earthworms, mites, isopods

Microbial Degradation = Bacteria + Fungi

28
Q

Decomposition Sub-processes

A

FMM:
Fragmentation
Microbial Degradation
Microbial Grazing

29
Q

Decomposition Controls

A

Climate
Soil & Typography
Management

30
Q

P cycle losses

A
  • Crop uptake
  • Runoff and erosion
  • Leaching
31
Q

P & N Cycle Differences

A

P is tightly bound, adsorption and desorption are very slow processes

32
Q

N Release Dependent on:

A
  • C:N Ratio (higher= carbon-dominated, requires a lot of decomposition and respiration to get nitrogen)
  • soil conditions: temperature, moisture, and oxygen (optimal time=late spring and early autumn)

FRM (P2) (4 decks)

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