Soil Flashcards

1
Q

What is the study of soil?

A

pedology

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2
Q

Derivatives of pedology

A

Pedon (soil) and Logos (reason)

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3
Q

Russian soil scientist

A

Dokuchaev

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4
Q

How do soils form?

A

They develop over identical bedrock exposed to various climates

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5
Q

Who introduced the idea that climate plays a major role in soil formation to the US?

A

Marbut

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6
Q

5 Categories of Soil Influence

A
  1. Parent material
  2. Climate since accumulation
  3. Plant and animal life
  4. Land relief
  5. Time other factors have interacted
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7
Q

What climatic forces act on the parent material?

A

Precipitation, temperature, humidity, wind

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8
Q

What is immature soil?

A

Lacks well-developed layers

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9
Q

What is a profile?

A

Vertical column of soil

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10
Q

What are horizons in a profile?

A

Soil layers

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11
Q

What is the O Horizon?

A

Dominated by Organic material such as leaves, lichens, etc.

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12
Q

How deep is the O Horizon?

A

0-2 inches

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13
Q

What is the A Horizon?

A

AKA the surface layer in a soil survey, Accumulation of organic matter and minerals

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14
Q

In which horizon does most root activity occur in plants?

A

A Horizon

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15
Q

How deep is the A Horizon?

A

2-10 inches

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16
Q

How deep is the B Horizon?

A

10-30 inches

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17
Q

How deep is the C Horizon?

A

30-48 inches

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18
Q

What makes up the E Horizon?

A

Sand and silt-sized particles

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19
Q

What is lost in the E Horizon?

A

Silicate clay, iron, aluminum

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20
Q

Which horizon is referred to as subsoil?

A

B Horizon

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21
Q

What horizon is known as the “zone of accumulation?”

A

B Horizon

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22
Q

What is leaching?

A

Water moves nutrients from the A Horizon to the B Horizon

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23
Q

Which horizon is referred to as the “zone of leaching?”

A

A Horizon

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24
Q

Why are some minerals drawn upwards from lower soil layers?

A

High evaporation rates and plant absorption

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25
Q

What is the fragipan layer?

A

Dense, nearly impermeable subsurface layer

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26
Q

What is claypan?

A

Fragipan layering caused by extreme soil compactness

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27
Q

What is hardpan?

A

Cementation of soil particles

28
Q

What are layers of soil cemented by calcium carbonate called?

A

Caliche

29
Q

What are layers of soil cemented by iron oxide called?

A

Ironpan

30
Q

What horizon is known as the substratum?

A

C Horizon

31
Q

What is the lowest horizon?

A

R Horizon

32
Q

a

A

highly decomposed organic materials

33
Q

b

A

buried soil horizon

34
Q

c

A

concretions — grains, pellets, or nodules of various sizes, shapes, and colors consisting of concentrated compounds or cemented soil grains

35
Q

d

A

physical root restriction

36
Q

e

A

organic material of intermediate decomposition

37
Q

f

A

frozen soil

38
Q

g

A

strong gleying — soil that is formed under poor drainage, resulting in the
reduction of iron and other elements and in gray colors and mottles

39
Q

h

A

alluvial accumulation of organic matter

40
Q

i

A

slightly decomposed organic matter

41
Q

k

A

accumulation of carbonates

42
Q

m

A

cementation

43
Q

n

A

accumulation of sodium

44
Q

o

A

residual accumulation of sesquioxides

45
Q

p

A

tillage or other disturbance

46
Q

q

A

accumulation of silica

47
Q

r

A

weathered or soft rock

48
Q

s

A

alluvial accumulation of sesquioxides and organic matter

49
Q

t

A

accumulation of alluvial clay

50
Q

v

A

plinthite

51
Q

w

A

development of color or structure

52
Q

x

A

fragipan character

53
Q

y

A

accumulation of gypsum

54
Q

z

A

accumulation of salts more soluble than gypsum

55
Q

Soil separate: very coarse sand

A

2.0-1.0 mm

56
Q

Soil separate: coarse sand

A

1.00–0.50 mm

57
Q

Soil separate: medium sand

A

0.50–0.25 mm

58
Q

Soil separate: fine sand

A

0.25–0.10 mm

59
Q

Soil separate: very fine sand

A

0.10–0.05 mm

60
Q

Soil separate: coarse silt

A

0.05–0.005 mm

61
Q

Soil separate: fine silt

A

0.005–0.002 mm

62
Q

Soil separate: clay

A

less than 0.002 mm

63
Q

What is mechanical analysis?

A

Process by which soil separates are obtained

64
Q

How many textural class names exist?

A

12

65
Q

12 Textural Class Names

A

sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, sandy clay loam, sandy clay, clay, clay loam, loam, silt
loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, and silt