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Soil Biodiversity & Function > Soil 5 - Metabolism & Energetics > Flashcards

Soil 5 - Metabolism & Energetics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 stages of bacterial growth?

A
  1. Lag time
  2. Growth Phase (exponential)
  3. Stationary Phase
  4. Death phase (logarithmic decline)
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2
Q

How could you calculate generation time?

A

g = t/n

t: time of growth
n: number of generations

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3
Q

The growth rate is measured in which units?

A

number of generations per hour

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4
Q

What are the 5 resources needed by all life?

A
  • Energy
  • electrons
  • Major (macro) nutrients
  • Trace (micro) nutrients
  • Growth factor
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5
Q

What controls metabolism?

A
  • an emergent property of the many inputs/outputs of materials/energy in a system
  • most reactions are regulated by enzymes
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6
Q

How do you categorize different metabolisms? (3 traits)

A
  • source of energy
  • source of reducing equivalents (e-)
  • source of carbon (for anabolism - building macromolecules)
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7
Q

What is the major pathway for breaking down glucose?

A

Glycolysis

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8
Q

What are the 4 major pathways of glycolysis?

A
  1. Respiration
  2. Fermentation
  3. Aerobic respiration
  4. Anaerobic respiration
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9
Q

What is fermentation?

A

when facultative and aerotolerant anaerobes use only the glycolysis scheme to incompletely oxidize glucose

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10
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

when oxygen is used as the final electron acceptor at the end of the respiration scheme
- produces H2O

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11
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Uses Nitrogen/N compounds/other inorganic substances as the final electron acceptor in respiration

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12
Q

Where do autotrophs get Carbon?

A

CO2

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13
Q

Where do heterotrophs get Carbon?

A

Organic compounds

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14
Q

When is ATP formed?

A

during respiration or fermentation

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15
Q

What are 3 possible electron acceptors?

A
  • O2
  • NO3
  • SO4
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16
Q

How do metabolic reactions occur?

A
  • in a multi-step pathway
  • each step is catalyzed by an enzyme
17
Q

How do enzymes work?

A

serve as a physical site for substrates (reacting molecules) to be positioned during a reaction

18
Q

What is the energy of activation in a reaction?

A

the amount of energy needed for a reaction to proceed

19
Q

What 3 ways are there to achieve energy of activation for a reaction?

A
  1. Increase thermal energy (+ molecular velocity)
  2. increase concentration of reactants (+ molecular collisions)
  3. Add a catalyst
20
Q

What are coenzymes?

A

organic compounds that work in conjunctino with an apoenzyme to perform a necessary alteration of a substrate

21
Q

What are 6 factors that affect how enzymes function?

A
  • temperature
  • pH
  • acids/bases
  • UV light
  • concentration of substrates
  • inhibitors
22
Q

What is the most common kind of enzyme regulation?

A

feedback inhibition, where enzymatic reaction products are allosteric inhibitors

23
Q

What are the two kinds of enzymes based on their position relative to the cell?

A
  1. Exoenzymes (active outside the cell)
  2. Endoenzymes (inside the cell)
24
Q

What is the role of microbial enzymes in disease?

A

many pathogens secrete unique exoenzymes that avoid host defense/promote multiplication
(called virulence factors or toxins)

25
Q

What are enzymes sensitive to, and how?

A
  • their environment
  • only operate under certain temp, pH, osmotic pressure
26
Q

What happens when an enzyme is outside the conditions it needs?

A

they become labile (chemically unstable) or denature

27
Q

What is the main difference in anaerobic respiration (compared to aerobic respiration)?

A

uses oxygen-containing molecules instead of oxygen as final e- acceptor

28
Q

What are the 4 end products of fermentation?

A
  • acid (lactic acid, acetic acid etc)
  • alcohol
  • gas (CO2, H2)
  • contaminants
29
Q

What are two types of acid fermentation?

A
  • many varied pathways, but split into 2 groups(?)
    1. Heterolactic fermentation (mix of lactic, acetic, CO2)
    2. Mixed acid fermentation (acetic, lactic, succinic, formic acid)
30
Q

What are the 3 major modes of ATP production?

A
  • obligate anaerobes
  • obligate aerobes
  • facultative anaerobes
31
Q

What are the two sources of macromolecules? (ex sugars, amino acids, etc)

A
  • enter from outside the cell as nutrients
  • form within the cell through cellular pathways
32
Q

What are the 2 energy sources for autotrophic processes?

A
  • Light (photoautotrophs)
  • Chemical (chemoautotrophs)
33
Q

Where do lithotrophs get reducing equivalents (e-)?

A

inorganic compounds

34
Q

Where do organotrophs get reducing equivalents (e-)

A

organic compounds

35
Q

What happens in a redox rxn?

A
  • oxidation - electrons are removed
  • reduction - electrons are gained
36
Q

Is there only one type of chlorophyll?

A

No! Diversity in two groups:
- chlorophyll (oxygenic)
- bacteriochlorophyll (anoxygenic)

37
Q

What are some traits of anoxygenic photosynthesizers?

A
  • possess bacteriochlorophyll
  • versatile in capturing light
  • only have cyclic photosystem 1
  • use H2, H2S, or S2 rather than H2O for electrons
  • anoxygenic!
38
Q

What are the 3 main aerobic layers in a Winogradsky column?

A
  • aerobic
  • microaerophilic
  • anaerobic
39
Q

What are the 4 main biotic layers in a Winogradsky column?

A
  • Cyanobacteria/algae
  • Nonsulfur photosynthetic bacteria
  • purple photosynthetic bacteria
  • green photosynthetic bacteria

Soil Biodiversity & Function (7 decks)

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