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Soil Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the factors affecting soil fertility?

A

moisture
nutrients- phosphorous nitrogen potassium etc.
depth of soil
organic matter or humus.

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2
Q

what is in-situ soil?

A

soil which is formed at original loc. by breaking of parent rock.
also called residual/sedimentary soil.
have well defined soil profile.
e.g. black, red, laterite, sandy desert soil.

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3
Q

what is ex-situ soil?

A

soil which is formed by sediments transported by wind, water etc.
also called transported soil
do not have well defined soil profile.
e.g. alluvial soil.

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4
Q

brief note on alluvial soil.

A

transported, loamy soil
covers 40% land mass.
also called riverine soil.
found in entire northern plains, deltas of mahanadi godavari krishna and kaveri

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5
Q

what is loam?

A

a mixture of clay silt and sand.

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6
Q

what is Khadar?

A

newer deposits of soil closer to the river banks.
has finer particles of silt and clay and is light in color.
is more fertile as new deposits are added every year.
it lies below flood levels of river.

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7
Q

what is Bhangar?

A

older alluvial soil which is not as fertile as khadar
occupies maximum portion of northern plains
is above flood levels of river
has lime nodules called kankar

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8
Q

where is inland alluvium found?

A

Indus, ganga, Brahmaputra plains,
Bangladesh, Assam, Punjab, Haryana, UP,, Bihar
Gujrat, few patches of Rajasthan.

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9
Q

where is deltaic alluvium found?

A

deltas of ganga-Brahmaputra, mahanadi, godavari, krishna, kaveri

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10
Q

where is coastal alluvium found?

A

tidal origin

coastal strips of India, plains of Gujrat.

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11
Q

color and texture of alluvial soil

A

colour- light grey to deep black depending on depth, texture and time of maturity.
texture- upper reaches are dry coarse porous
lower plains- small/fine particles, uniform, compact.

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12
Q

minerals found in alluvial soil

A

rich in - iron, magnesia, potash, lime
lack- phosphorous nitrogen humus.
only ganga plains soil has humus.
soil in drier regions is basic in nature.

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13
Q

what are the crops grown in alluvial soil.

A

rice, wheat, sugarcane, oilseeds, jute(lower G-B plains), cotton, tobacco

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14
Q

brief note on black soil.

A

residual, clayey soil
formed by denudation of volcanic rocks
found along the deccan lava tract - i.e. Maharashtra, Gujrat, Andhra Karnataka T.N.
also called black cotton soil or regur soil.

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15
Q

color and texture of black soil

A

colour- black made out of igneous rocks

texture- fine, clayey, highly water retentive,

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16
Q

how is black soil self ploughing?

A

due to high water retentivity, it absorbs moisture in monsoon and expands.
in dry season it shrinks and cracks up
these cracks allow entry of oxygen and water into the soil. cracks get filled up in the rains.

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17
Q

minerals found in black soil.

A

high- iron, magnesia, lime

low- nitrogen, phosphorous, humus.

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18
Q

crops grown in black soil

A

cotton, wheat, jowar, linseed, sugarcane, tobacco

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19
Q

why is black soil good for dry farming?

A

water is always present in subsoil of black soil.

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20
Q

brief note on red soil.

A

second largest soil group after alluvial soil
made from denudation of old crystalline rocks by rainfall.
found in the peninsular region of india surround in the black soil region.
bundelkhand (n)
Rajmahal hills(e)
kutch(w)
Tamil nadu(s)

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21
Q

color and texture of red soil.

A

residual loamy soil
red color due to Fe2O3.
porous loose aerated shallow

22
Q

what are the minerals in red soil

A

poor- N, P, Na, humus, soluble salts.

23
Q

how can farming be done in red soil.

A

red soil is not very fertile, but it responds well to fertilizers.
it needs irrigation.

24
Q

what kind of crops are grown in red soil?

A

vegetables, ragi, tobacco,
higher land- coarse soil- potato ground nut
lower land- clayey soil- sugarcane.

25
Q

Brief note on laterite soil.

A

residual soil formed by leeching.
found in regions of heavy rains, high temperature, alternate wet and dry periods- i.e. M.P. Odisha, Andhra, Telangana Kerala, Karnataka, T.N.

26
Q

what is leeching.

A

percolation of nutrients below the soil due to tropical rainfall which leaves the top soil infertile.

27
Q

color and texture of laterite soil

A

red color due to presence of Fe2O3

texture- porous, coarse and friable(easy to crumble)

28
Q

minerals in laterite soil.

A

potash is removed due to leeching.
poor- lime, magnesia, N
acidic in nature.

29
Q

crops which can be grown in laterite soil

A

with sufficient manuring and irrigation-
cashew, tea, coffee, ragi, sugarcane.
lowland laterite- paddy
upland laterite- tea, cinchona, rubber

30
Q

define soil erosion

A

removal of top soil thus making the land infertile.

31
Q

sheet erosion

A

removal of thin layer of soil on gentle slopes where vegetation is absent

32
Q

rill erosion

A

deposition of soil that is carried away in the form of finger shaped rills over large areas

33
Q

gully erosion

A

removal of heavy load of soil due to heavy rainfall on barren land making the soil unproductive.

34
Q

shore erosion

A

erosion on sea shores due to waves.

35
Q

stream bank erosion

A

soil removed from banks of river when river changes its coarse.

36
Q

wind erosion in particle size- >0.5 mm

A

rolling- called soil creep

37
Q

wind erosion in particle size- 0.1 to 0.5 mm

A

bouncing and hopping- called saltation

38
Q

wind erosion in particle size- < 0.1 mm

A

suspension- causes dust storms (sand gets deposited along fenced roads)

39
Q

man made causes of soil erosion

A

overpopulation- causes deforestation, clearing of land for food.
overgrazing- leads to lack of vegetation, expose soil to agents of denudation.
bad farming techniques- impropper use of manure/fertilizers, traditional ploughing methods, methods like slash and burn etc.

40
Q

natural causes of soil erosion

A

presence of steep slopes
erratic rainfall causing alternate wet and dry seasons.
extremely heavy rainfall washes away topsoil.

41
Q

list out the regions of India affected by soil erosion.

A 
badlands of chambal and yamuna
peidmont zone of west himalaya
CNP region
Tapi-Sabarmati valley
regur soil region of maharashtra
dry parts of rajasthan, gujrat haryana
steep slopes of western ghats
42
Q

soil conservation

A

prevention of soil loss or soil fertility by over usage, acidification, saltation etc.

43
Q

what are the harmful effects of soil erosion

A

lowering of water table
decreased moisture in soil
floods due to rivers getting plugged with silt.
reduced soil fertility
increasing landslides
bad effects on economic prosperity and cultural development.

44
Q

what is terrace farming

A

cutting slopes in a step like manner for cultivation, terrace acts like bunds and prevents top soil from washing away.

45
Q

what are shelter belts.

A

planting trees in rows to prevent wind erosion (wind breaks)

46
Q

what is contour farming

A

ploughing around hills in circles for agriculture prevents run off.

47
Q

what is strip cropping

A

two different crops are grown in alternate strips to maintain soil fetility

48
Q

give examples of common crops that are paired and planted in strip cropping

A
  1. hay and wheat

2. corn, soy beans, and cotton

49
Q

how does building dams prevent soil erosion

A

building dams on the upper coarse of rivers controls flow of rivers during heavy rains and reduces soil erosion by preventing chances of floods.

50
Q

how does planting trees help in reducing soil erosion

A

roots of trees hold firmly onto the soil preventing erosion. this can be helpful if trees are planted along the edges of fields.

Geography (4 decks)

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