SOFTWARE Flashcards
It is distinguished from hardware by its conceptual rather than physical nature.
SOFTWARE
consists of physical components
HARDWARE
needed to translate instructions created in human language
into machine language.
SOFTWARE
needed to make the computer
an economical work tool.
PACKAGED OR STORED SOFTWARE
It is much more practical and economical for one highly skilled person or programming team to develop programs that many
other people can buy and use to do common tasks.
PROGRAMMING
supplied as organized instruction sets called programs, or more typically as a set of related programs called a
package.
SOFTWARE
translate operations the user needs into language and instructions that the computer can understand. By itself,
computer hardware is merely a collection of printed circuits, plastic, metal, and wires.
PROGRAMS
3 Basic types of software
-SYSTEM SOFTWARE
-UTILITY PROGRAMS
-APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE
consists of a variety of programs that control the individual computer and make the user’s
application programs work well with the hardware.
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
consists of a set of instructions permanently burned onto a computer chip, it is truly a
combination of hardware and software.
BASIC INPUT/OUTPUT SYSTEM (BIOS)
straddle the line between hardware and
software.
FIMWARE
first level of system software.
OPERATING SYSTEM (OS)
overall controller of the work of the computer.
OPERATING SYSTEM (OS)
software loaded from the
hard drive into RAM as soon as the computer is turned on.
OPERATING SYSTEM (OS)
handle the connection between the CPU and peripherals.
OPERATING SYSTEM (OS)
connection between the CPU
and a peripheral or a user
INTERFACE
include programs designed to keep the computer system operating efficiently.
UTILITY SOFTWARE/PROGRAMS
including primarily anti-virus, firewall, and encryption programs, protect the
computer and its data from attacks that can destroy programs and data.
SECURITY SOFTWARE
serve primarily to guard against malicious programs inadvertently accessed,
usually through e-mail or downloads from the Internet.
ANTI-VIRUS UTILITIES
type of security program that makes it much harder for unauthorized persons or systems to enter the computer and hijack or damage programs or data on the computer.
FIREWALLS
encodes the data so that it cannot be read until it is decoded.
ENCRYPTION SOFTWARE
letters on a Web page address indicate that the site encrypts data sent through that site.
HTTPS
sufficiently high level that it cannot be decoded without a program at the receiver site.
ENCRYPTION
designed to help the user keep hard disk space clean and efficient.
DISK MANAGEMENT UTILITIES
moves data around on the disk so that small empty spaces are eliminated and
data and programs are relocated to better use the available space.
DEFRAGMENTER
These programs can also compress data to free up disk space, partition a disk so that the user has more control over where different types of information are stored, and clean up disks by eliminating unnecessary data and information.
DISK MANAGEMENT UTILITIES
serve to help the users back up their data.
BACKUP UTILITIES
The computer owner may not have a backup
copy of illegally downloaded programs.
ILLEGAL OR PIRATE PROGRAMS
A better choice is to back up one’s data
EXTERNAL (REMOVABLE) HARD DRIVE
ONLINE BACKUP LOCATION
computer programs that either blank the monitor screen or fill it with constantly
moving images when the user is away from the computer but does not turn it (and the monitor) completely off.
SCREEN SAVERS
CRT
CATHODE RAY TUBE
sometimes do require users to log back into their computer to turn off the screen saver, and those do have a security function.
SCREEN SAVERS
activate automatically if the computer does not receive any input from the user for a preset time period.
SCREEN SAVERS
it compresses information in files to be archived and then stores them in a compressed form in some long-term storage device.
ARCHIVAL SOFTWARE
The compression can sharply reduce the size of a large file such that it can be made small enough to e-mail to another person or location.
ARCHIVAL SOFTWARE
These programs are used by program developers to support their programming work or to run their programs.
PROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENT SUPPORT
usage refers to a set of very specific rules about words, word usage, and word order in order of a computer language.
SYNTAX
must be exactly correct for a computer to correctly interpret the code and run the program. Problems with either the logic or syntax will cause the program to fail, or perform incorrectly.
SYNTAX
includes all the various programs people use to do work, process data, play games, communicate with others, and watch videos and multimedia programs on a computer.
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
written in a particular programming language. Then the program is “compiled” (or translated) into machine language so the computer can understand the instructions and execute the program.
APPLICATION PROGRAMS
The most useful program in application software packages
WORD PROCESSING PROGRAM
an interdisciplinary field primarily concerned with the analysis, collection, classification,
manipulation, storage, retrieval, movement, dissemination, and use of information
INFORMATION SCIENCE
It is concerned with technologies, strategies, and methodologies for getting the right information to people when it is needed
without people getting overwhelmed with irrelevant and unwanted information.
INFORMATICS SCIENCE
in information science analysis include optimality, performance, complexity, and structure.
KEY THEMES
may refer to almost any variable that is measured on a numerical scale, such as cost, time (e.g., time to answer patient call lights), workload, etc.
OPTIMALITY
is typically considered in the context of the average performance of the information system over a series of communication instances.
PERFORMANCE
is a reality with the enormous masses of data and information generated, collected, stored, and retrieved.
COMPLEXITY
means developing a system for ordering and cataloging the data and information, particularly in a database.
STRUCTURE
a means of communicating with the computer.
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
can understand is binary or machine language.
CPU
is the true language of the computer. Any program must be translated into machine language before the computer can execute it.
MACHINE LANGUAGE
consists only of the binary numbers 1 and 0, representing the ON and OFF electrical impulses. All data—numbers, letters, and symbols—are represented by combinations of binary digits.
MACHINE LANGUAGE
machine dependent, which means that each model of computer has its own unique machine language.
MACHINE LANGUAGES
far more like the English language, but it is still very close to machine language.
ASSEMBLER LANGUAGE
still used a great deal by system programmers and whenever application programmers wish to manipulate functions at the machine level.
ASSEMBLER LANGUAGE
include procedural languages and were the beginning of the second level in programming languages.
THIRD-GENERATION LANGUAGES
require the programmer to specify both what the computer is to do and the procedure for how to do it.
PROCEDURAL LANGUAGES
offers powerful tools to support database management systems; this is particularly useful in any setting in which many users have to access the same databases at the same time.
MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL UTILITY MULTI-PROGRAMMING SYSTEM (MUMPS)
developed by Sun Microsystems to be a relatively simple language that would provide portability across differing computer platforms and the security needed for use on a huge, public network like the Internet.
JAVA
critical for any serious Web developer.
JAVA PROGRAMMING SKILLS
As the popularity of GUI technology grew, several languages were developed to
facilitate program development in
GRAPHICS-BASED ENVIRONMENTS
These programs and their cousins marketed by other companies have been used for a variety of applications, especially those that allow users to interact with electronic companies through the Internet.
VISUAL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
Another way to categorize programs is whether they were designed to work sequentially or concurrently
CONCURRENT AND DISTRIBUTED LANGUAGES
year where dual-core processors became available
2000
Program languages designed to take advantage of multiple processors
CONCURRENT LANGUAGES
Closely associated with the need to run multiple parts of a program at the same
time is the need to accommodate multiple users at the same time.
MULTITHREADING
specialized application programs that require more involvement of the user in directing the program to do the necessary work.
FOURTH-GENERATION LANGUAGES
a statistical analysis program, the
user enters a command (from a menu of commands) that tells the computer to
compute a chi-square statistic on a particular set of numbers provided to the
program.
STATISTICAL PACKAGE FOR SOCIAL SCIENCES
(SPSS))
An important Fourth-Generation language
STRUCTURES QUERY LANGUAGE (SQL)
language designed for management and query operations on a relational database. It does far more than simply allow users to query a database. It also supports data insert, data definition, database schema creation, update and delete, and data modification.
STRUCTURES QUERY LANGUAGE (SQL)
Fifth-generation or third-level languages are called
NATURAL LANGUAGAES
which any user could give understandable
commands to the computer in his or her own word style and accent, is being performed at the beginning of the twenty-first century.
NATURAL LANGUAGE RECOGNITION
clearly in the future of personal computing.
The great difficulty is, of course, how to reliably translate natural, spoken human
language into a language the computer can understand.
NATURAL LANGUAGE SYSTEMS
whereby the grammar of each word in
the sentence is analyzed. It attempts to recognize the action described and the
object of the action.
SEMANTIC ANALYSIS
An exciting application of natural language processing
BIOMEDICAL TEXT MINING
Strictly speaking, text formatters are not true programming languages. They are used to format content, original text, for visual display in a system.
TEXT FORMATTING LANGUAGES
most famous text formatting languages
HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE (HTML)
used to format text for the World Wide Web and is one of the older formatting
languages.
HTML
The most common package sold with computers
STANDARD OFFICE PACKAGE
presented a challenge to the computer software industry. A program sold to one customer can be installed on a very large number of machines. This practice obviously seriously harms the profitability of software development.
PROTECTING OWNERSHIP RIGHTS IN SOFTWARE
a multipurpose program, designed to support many applications in hospitals and their associated clinics.
HOSPITAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (HIS)
systems that help with patient tracking,
ADMISSION DISCHARGE TRANSFER
software, supplies inventory systems through which nurses charge IVs, dressings, and other supplies used in patient care, and laboratory systems that are used to order laboratory tests and report the results.
MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION RECORD (MAR)
