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Physiotherpy > Soft Tissue Structure, Function And Healing > Flashcards

Soft Tissue Structure, Function And Healing Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of tissues?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nerve

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2
Q

Describe epithelial tissue

A 
Covers exposed surfaces
Lines internal passageways and chambers
Forms glands 
Cells in close association 
Forms a barrier between organism and environment
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3
Q

Examples of epithelial cell locations

A

Oesophagus, skin, stomach, intestine, blood vessels

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4
Q

What are the 4 functions of Epithelial tissue?

A

Physical protection
Control permeability
Provide sensation
Produce specialised secretions

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5
Q

What are the two types of glands epithelial cells form?

A

Exocrine

Endocrine

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6
Q

Describe an exocrine gland

A

Not part of the endocrine system
Secrete products into ducts that empty onto a surface
E.g. sweat glands, salivary glands, digestive glands.

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7
Q

Describe an endocrine gland

A

Ductless glands
Secrete hormones into cellular spaces that then enter the blood stream
Travel to a specific receptor on a target cell
E.g. thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pituitary gland, endocrine gland

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8
Q

How many types of connective tissue are there, and what are they?

A 
6 
Loose connective 
Fibrous (Dense) connective 
Adipose
Cartilage 
Bone 
Blood
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9
Q

What are the properties of connective tissue?

A 
Fill internal spaces 
Provide other tissue support
Transport materials 
Store energy 
Connects epithelium to rest of the body
Forms a framework
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10
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A 
Provides structure 
Transports 
Protects 
Supports
Stores energy and defends
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11
Q

What are the 3 classifications of connective tissue?

A

Proper connect tissue
Fluid connective tissue
Supporting connective tissue

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12
Q

Describe cartilage

A

Closed pack network of collagen and elastic fibres embedded in a firm matrix gel.

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13
Q

What is cartilage made of?

A

Chondrocytes - only cells found in healthy cartilage. Produce and maintain the collagen matrix.
Proteoglycans - proteins which attach to other substances within the body.
In cartilage they’re called Aggrecans and they provide hydration and swelling pressure which allows tissues to withstand compressive forces.

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

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15
Q

Describe hyaline cartilage

A 
Most common 
Closed pack matrix 
Collagen fibre
Tough but flexible 
Most joint surfaces 
Between ribs and sternum
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16
Q

Describe elastic cartilage

A

Numerous elastic fibres
Resilient but flexible
In the external flap of the ear
Small cartilages in larynx

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17
Q

Describe fibrocartilage

A 
Densely interwoven 
Collagen fibres
Durable and tough 
Resists compressive forces 
Absorbs shock 
Forms the knee menisci 
Between pubic bones 
Between spinal vertebrae
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18
Q

What does a mix of epithelial and connective tissue make?

A

Membranes

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19
Q

What is a membrane?

A

A selective barrier that allows some substances to pass through and stops others.

20
Q

What are the four types of membrane?

A

Synovial
Serous
Mucous
Cutaneous

21
Q

Describe a mucous membrane

A

Epithelial and connective tissue
Lubricated by muscles or exposure to fluids
Line passageways that connect with the exterior
Moist surface to reduce friction and facilitate secretion
E.g. respiratory tract

22
Q

Describe a serous membrane

A

Line sealed, internal divisions of body cavities
Not open to the exterior
Very thin and transparent
Firmly attached to body walls and organs
Fluid between Them
Minimises friction between cavities

23
Q

Describe a synovial membrane

A

Connective tissue with a layer of fibroblasts and macrophages
These control the composition of synovial fluid
Articulate cartilage must be lubricated
Movement of a joint is essential for formation and circulation of synovial fluid
Movements cause production of synovial fluid

24
Q

Describe a cutaneous membrane

A

Many layers of squamous epithelial cells
Epidermis and dermis layers
Epidermis - thick layers of superficial epithelium
Sermon - underlying area of types of connective tissue
Found at accessory structures such as hair, nails and exocrine glands

25
Q

Describe the skin

A

Barrier composed of elastic and collagen fibres
Contains lymphatic vessels, blood vessels and nerves
Contains hair follicles and glands

26
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A 
Protection 
Excretion 
Maintenance 
Production 
Detection
27
Q

What is a sprain?

A

A stretch or tear of a ligament

28
Q

How many grades of a sprain are there? What do they involve?

A

3
Grade 1 - stretching and small tears
Grade 2 - incomplete tear
Grade 3 - complete tear

29
Q

What is a strain?

A

Muscle or tendon injury that involves over stretching or over contracting and lengthening.
Which tears the collagen

30
Q

What are some classifications of a grade 1 sprain and or strain?

A 
Localised pain and tenderness 
No visible bruising 
Minimal swelling 
Minimal loss of function 
No loss of strength or range of muscle movement 
No ligament laxity
31
Q

What are some classifications of a grade 2 sprain and or strain?

A 
Poorly localised pain
Bruising 
Moderate swelling 
Disability and painful 
Range of motion deficit 
Decrease in muscle strength 
Ligament may of caused an unstable joint
32
Q

What are the common classifications of a grade 3 sprain and or strain?

A

Joint instability
Inability of the muscle to contract
Immediate acute pain
Audible pop, crack or click

33
Q

What are some factors that cause tissue damage?

A

Injury - physical, thermal, electrical, chemical
Infection - viruses, bacteria, fungi
Infarction - obstructions of blood supply to an organ, starving it of o2
Immune responses - auto immunity or foreign protein hypersensitivity

34
Q

What are the two types of body tissue?

A

Parenchymal tissue - control the functioning of cells of that organ
E.g. cardiac myocyte tissue = heart
Hepatocyte tissue = liver

Interstitial tissue - supports connective tissue
Contains cells that support organs
Blood vessels and nerves are made of this

35
Q

What are the 3 types of tissue healing?

A

Resolution
Regeneration
Replacement

36
Q

Describe resolution

A

The rapid healing of mild injury
Removal of debris associated with the inflammatory response which is sufficient to restore tissue to its normal state
Epithelial cells shed and regenerate without incident
Removes the inflammation

37
Q

Describe regeneration

A

Specialised tissue is replaced by the making of surrounding undimmed specialised cells
Growth factors are released from damaged tissues and cells - cytokines and platelet derived growth factor that increase mitogenic activity = Mitosis
Injured tissue replaced with parenchymal cells

38
Q

Describe replacement

A

Deals with severely damaged tissue or non-regenerable tissue
Healed by laying down connective tissue known as scarring
Replaced by granulation tissue = scar tissue.
Original tissue is not replaced by the same tissue.

39
Q

What are the three types of cells?

A

Labile cells - continually divide to regenerate tissue
Stable cells - stop growing once growth stops. Will be stimulated when growth and division is needed. Such as if damage occurs and a supportive framework is needed
Fixed non-dividing cells - can’t regenerate or divide or undergo mitosis. Such as the cardiac and skeletal muscle. Once damaged can not repair so left with scar tissue.

40
Q

How many stages are there in connective tissue repair? What are they?

A 
4 
Bleeding 
Inflammatory 
Proliferation 
Remodelling
41
Q

What is primary intention?

A

Occurs where the tissue surfaces have been closed.
With stitches, staples, glue, tapes
Used when there have been minimal tissue loss

42
Q

What is secondary intention?

A

Wound that is extensive and involves considerable tissue loss, where the edges cannot be brought together so it heals in this manner, forming scar tissue.
How ulcers heal.

43
Q

How is primary intention different from secondary intention?

A

Longer repair time
Scarring is greater
Chances of infection are greater

44
Q

What is tertiary intention?

A

Known as delayed or secondary closure
Indicated when there is reason to delay closing a wound due to poor circulation to the area etc.
They require more connective tissue - scar tissue

45
Q

What are some factors that affect wound healing?

A 
Nature of injury 
Temperature 
Drugs 
Age 
Blood flow
Infection
46
Q

What are some complications of tissue repair?

A

Infection - invasion can affect and delay the repair process
Ulceration - open, crater like lesions of the skin
Dehiscence - scar formation and wound separation
Keloid Development - hypertrophic scars due to excessive collagen production
Adhesion - fibrous connection between cavities and scar tissues

Physiotherpy (7 decks)

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