Soft Tissue Structure and Function, Soft Tissue Healing Flashcards
What are the four main types of tissues in the body?
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
What are the functions of epithelial tissue?
Physical Protection: Shields surfaces from abrasion, dehydration, and harm.
Control Permeability: Regulates substances entering or leaving the body.
Provide Sensation: Supplies sensory information (e.g., smell, taste, touch).
Produce Secretions: Secretes fluids via glands.
What are the two types of glands in epithelial tissue?
Endocrine glands: Ductless; secrete hormones into blood.
Example: Pituitary, thyroid.
Exocrine glands: Have ducts; secrete products onto surfaces.
Example: Sweat, tears.
What are the main classifications of connective tissue?
Connective Tissue Proper: Includes loose (e.g., adipose) and dense tissue.
Fluid Connective Tissue: Blood and lymph.
Supporting Connective Tissue: Cartilage and bone.
List the functions of connective tissue.
Provides structural framework.
Transports fluids and nutrients.
Protects organs.
Supports and connects other tissues.
Stores energy (e.g., fat).
Defends against microorganisms.
What are the three types of cartilage and their characteristics?
Hyaline Cartilage: Tough but flexible; found in joints and respiratory tract.
Elastic Cartilage: Flexible; found in ears and epiglottis.
Fibrocartilage: Tough and absorbs shock; found in vertebrae and menisci.
What are the four types of membranes, and where are they found?
Mucous Membranes: Line tracts open to the exterior (e.g., digestive, respiratory).
Serous Membranes: Line sealed internal body cavities (e.g., pleura, pericardium).
Cutaneous Membrane: The skin.
Synovial Membranes: Surround joint cavities.
What are the functions of the cutaneous membrane (skin)?
Protection.
Excretion of wastes.
Temperature regulation.
Vitamin D3 synthesis.
Sensory detection.
Immune response coordination.
What are some characteristics of the epidermis?
Cells take 15–30 days to move to the outer layer (stratum corneum).
Cells last for about two weeks.
Holds water and can indicate health conditions based on colour.
What is the difference between a sprain and a strain?
Sprain: Injury to ligaments (stretch or tear).
Strain: Injury to muscles or tendons (tear of collagen fibers).
What are the grades of ligament injuries?
Grade I: Micro tears; localized pain, minimal swelling, no laxity.
Grade II: Partial tear; moderate swelling, bruising, instability, painful ROM.
Grade III: Complete tear; audible pop, significant swelling, joint instability.
What are the grades of muscle and tendon injuries?
Grade I: Micro tears; localized pain, no bruising, no strength loss.
Grade II: Partial tear; swelling, bruising, pain, reduced strength, painful ROM.
Grade III: Complete tear; audible pop, swelling, inability to contract muscle.
What are the 3 types of tissue healing?
Resolution: Rapid healing of mild injury (e.g., epithelial tissue).
Tissue Regeneration: Replacement by specialized cells with parenchyma.
Connective Tissue Repair: Replacement by granulation tissue and scar formation.
What are the four phases of connective tissue repair?
Bleeding Phase: Short-lived; 4–6 hours on average.
Inflammatory Phase: First hours to weeks; swelling, exudation, phagocytosis.
Proliferative Phase: 24–48 hours to weeks; granulation tissue, collagen synthesis.
Remodelling Phase: Starts at 3 weeks; scar tissue remodelling and collagen turnover.
What factors affect wound healing?
Nature and site of injury
Temperature, drugs (e.g., steroids, NSAIDs)
Malnutrition, blood flow, oxygen delivery
Infection, wound separation, foreign bodies
Age, prolonged inflammation, movement
What are the complications of tissue repair?
Infection: Microorganism invasion.
Ulceration: Open lesions on skin or mucous membranes.
Dehiscence: Wound edges separate due to poor scar formation.
Keloid: Excessive collagen production causing hypertrophic scars.
Adhesions: Fibrous tissue connecting organs or tissues.
What determines whether tissue heals by primary or secondary intention?
Primary intention: Wound edges are approximated; less scar tissue.
Secondary intention: Wound edges are separated; more scar tissue, longer healing.
What are labile, stable, and fixed cells in tissue regeneration?
Labile Cells: Constant turnover (e.g., skin cells).
Stable Cells: Regenerate if framework is intact (e.g., liver, kidney).
Fixed Cells: Do not divide; repair leaves scars (e.g., nerve, cardiac cells).
What are the two key processes in the proliferative phase of healing?
Angiogenesis: Formation of new capillaries.
Collagen Synthesis: Type III collagen forms granulation tissue.
